Theme Of Love In Wuthering Heights - 786 Words

Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights draws a close line between love and hate as a major theme in the novel. The different sides of love are demonstrated by Bronte through situations that draw upon the nature of being human. The author displays the selfish, destructive and the betrayal side of love between the main character as well as minor characters in the novel and how they are imprisoned by the same recurring cycle. The relationship shared by Heathcliff and Catherine is the most important as it sets the motion of the rest of the novel. Heathcliff and Catherine’s love is a representation of a fantasy connection between two people that exist beyond words and out of reach of the physical world that simply cannot be explained. A love that†¦show more content†¦Heathcliff’s love for Catherine makes him destructive as he manages to inflict part of his vengeance onto her daughter. The young Cathy is first physically constrained of her freedom, then stripped of her financial and ownership of property by Heathcliff. â€Å"He opened them suddenly, and resigned the object of dispute; but, ere she had well secured it, he seized her with the liberated hand, and, pulling her on his knee, administrated with the other a shower of terrace slaps on both sides of the head, each sufficient to have filled his threat, had she been able to fall† (Bronte 265). Heathcliff’s tyrannical traits for his greed and power seeking appetite has reached a point of total insanity that all other characters suffer, as if he wants all to feel the same pain he has experienced. The author show cases raw emotions of human nature that also draws a small parallelism to animalistic features when it comes to the characterization of Heathcliff in the second half of the novel. The author presents the betrayal aspect of love when Cathy summits to Heathcliff in result of trying to help and save Linton. The young Cathy is held captive in the first place for her love of Linton which backfires on her since he is simply selfish, weak and lets himself be taken as a pawn to Heathcliff’s ultimate revenge. â€Å"The anguish he had exhibited on the moor subsided as soon as ever he entered Wuthering Heights;Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Love In Wuthering Heights922 Words   |  4 PagesLove can take many forms. Sonnet 18, undoubtedly one of Shakespeare’s most famous works and believed to be one of the most famous love poems of all time, illustrates the timelessness and true beauty of love in a natural, pure way. In contrast, Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights takes a far darker, more intense yet somewhat sinister twist when exploring the themes of love, passion and cruelty. One of the greatest love stories in English literature, the love-hate passionat e relationship between CathyRead MoreThe Themes Of Love In Wuthering Heights By Emily Brontà «706 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà «, the main themes help the reader discover a deeper understanding of the novel as a whole. One of the first important themes of this novel is love. Love plays an immense role throughout the plot, in a nontraditional way. In the beginning of the novel, we notice the growing relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine, and how they become inseparable. No matter what they are doing, they are almost certainly together. However, after their separationRead More Themes of Love and Obsession in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights820 Words   |  4 PagesThemes of Love and Obsession in Wuthering Heights      Ã‚   My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff (81) These words, uttered by Catherine, in the novel Wuthering Heights are for me the starting point in my investigation into the themes of love and obsession in the novel. Catherine has just told her housekeeper that she has made up her mind to marry Edgar Linton, although she is well aware that herRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1555 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Brontà « Introduction The novel Wuthering Heights was written in 1847 by Emily Brontà «. The plot unravels with Lockwood visiting his landlord at Wuthering Heights; as Lockwood stays the night, he starts to discover items within the home and later a fatal vision appears, which causes him great curiosity. Lockwood returns back to his residence at Thrushcross Granges and listens to the history of his landlord, Heathcliff; told by an old servant at Wuthering HeightsRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1350 Words   |  6 Pagessometimes conflicting, genres. Wuthering Heights, written by the famous Emily Brontà «, is one pointed example of a divisive novel in this sense. Although it possesses characteristics of a diverse range of literature, inconsistencies undermine many standard categorizations. Wuthering Heights is far too twisted and its concept of love far too flawed to be a romantic novel, although the saga of Heathcliff and Cathy is undoubtedly a love story. As a whole, Wuthering Heights is bes t described as a GothicRead MoreWuthering Heights by Charlotte Bronte1143 Words   |  5 Pagespreternatural passion that tamer beings can scarcely recognize as love.† (Duclaux) Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « is considered a masterpiece today, however when was first published, it received negative criticism for its passionate nature. Critics have studied the novel from every analytical angle, yet it remains one of the most haunting love stories of all time. â€Å"Wuthering Heights is not a comfortable book; it invites admiration rather than love.† (Stoneman) The novel contains several different levelsRead More Comparing the Themes of Wuthering Heights and Of Mice and Men1098 Words   |  5 Pages Comparing the Themes of Wuthering Heights and Of Mice and Men nbsp; nbsp; Wuthering Heights and Of Mice and Men are two novels that were written approximate hundred years apart by different authors living in different time periods. Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte who lived in England. Of Mice and Men was written by John Steinbeck who lived in California. Although they were written by different authors of different background, time, and place. One could neverthelessRead MoreThe Meaning of Revenge within Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte902 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meaning of Revenge within Wuthering Heights      The novel â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is about an orphan was raised within the mansion Wuthering height, who grows up and end up loving his childhood friends that is an upper-class girl. For the love of his life he faces a lot of consequences due to society’s view on both of their status. Revenge plays a huge role which is the main theme of the plot line. In the story â€Å"Wuthering Heights† Emily Bronte discuss the idea of revenge; she explains how aRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1099 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Wuthering Heights† is the epitome of classical literature written by Emily Bronte in 1847. This masterpiece unfolds the story of two lovers, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff and how their intense love for each other succumbed to revenge. The novel centralises around the theme of revenge through the use of gothic elements. Gothic Literature and is a combination of fiction, horror and romanticism. Wuthering Heights effectively empl oys gothic literature elements to emphasis the characters, plotRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1589 Words   |  7 PagesVictoria Embry Outside Reading Analysis Wuthering Heights Tramel – 2nd period November 4, 2016 Introduction The self-consuming nature of passion is mutually destructive and tragic. The gothic Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte and published in 1847 where Bronte challenges ideas of religious hypocrisy, social classes, gender inequality and mortality. Wuthering Heights was first ill received being too much removed from the ordinary reality in the mid-nineteenth-century;

The Georgia State School Board Of Education - 906 Words

According to the Georgia Department of Education, the Georgia State School Board of Education adopted a new set of standards known as the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts. Since the Common Core Standards State Standards assess the same English Language Arts standards as the Georgia Performance Standards, Georgia’s curriculum is called Common Core Georgia Performance Standards. Of the ELA standards for first grade, one requires that students be able to ask and answer questions based on the details in a text. This standard also requires that the student be able to retell stories, including details, and demonstrate comprehension. This could be an issue for special needs students. Students with a learning disability in reading often have difficulty comprehending texts in books and other reading material that is written at their grade level. However, there are many strategies to use to improve reading comprehension in struggling readers. With the increase use o f technology, my review is written to determine if pre-recordings readings are more effective than teacher-led read aloud in improving comprehension skills of students with disabilities. Helping Children with Learning Disabilities Understand What They Read is an article by Regina G. Richards. Her article discusses the basic strategies and techniques that can be used for students with learning disabilities. The article states, a key component of comprehension is that the student must be activelyShow MoreRelatedThe State Of Georgias Requirements For Obtaining Licensure1631 Words   |  7 PagesIn the State of Georgia’s requirements for obtaining licensure include first and foremost, for the person to be a graduate of a Commission of Accreditation in Physical Therapy (CAPTE) accredited school and provide an official transcript including the graduation date from the institute granting the physical therapy degree (Georgia State Board of Physical Therapy, 2015). Additionally, the candidate for licensure must pass with a minimum score of 600 on both the National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE)Read MoreWest Georgia Technical College System831 Words   |  4 Pages West Georgia Technical College is located in Waco, Georgia and is the state s third-largest technical college. As part of the Technical College System of Georgia (TCSG), West Georgia Technical College (WGTC) is a rural two year public technical institution located in the west Georgia area with campuses in Douglasville, Murphy, Waco, Carrollton, Lagrange, and Newnan. Additionally, the college is principally a commuter campus. The college was formed on September 4, 2008 from a merger of West CentralRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Based Assessment Data For The Calculation Of Multi Year Averaging1072 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermination purposes. Georgia Alternate Assessment (GAA). A summative assessment based on an Individualized Education Program (IEP) that measure a student’s progress toward the mastery of targeted goals. In lieu of the traditional CRCT, the GAA serves as a replacement assessment for students who participates in an alternate curriculum and are unable to participate in state mandated assessments even with maximum accommodations. Georgia Performance Standards (GPS). Georgia Performance Standards provideRead MoreU.s. Department Of Justice Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesEven though employment rates are still down therefore the state can still hire qualified candidates. Keeping qualified candidates promotes the wellbeing of our state and citizens because Georgia experiences some of the highest turnover and employee are leaving to go to the private sector for better money. In certain organization in the state level such as: keep qualified candidate that promoted the well-being state and the citizens in arena such as correctional and police officer, hospital staffRead MoreEvaluating A Teacher On The State Of Georgia1202 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Evaluating of a Teacher in the state of Georgia Based on the Georgia Department of Education, Georgia has a new way of evaluating all of its teachers. Beginners teachers are held with the same standards as tenured teachers. The evaluation is through Teacher Keys Effectiveness System (TKES) which is consist of three components which gives to an overall Teacher Effectiveness Measure (TEM). First component is Teacher Assessment on Performance Standards (TAPS). The second component is SurveysRead MoreFirst Amendment- Religion Cases Of Religion1542 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is defined by a commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance. This probably was not the exact definition that the Founding Fathers knew but it was close. In the United States Constitution the very first amendment describes a few of the people’s unalienable rights. The First Amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of spe ech, or of the press; or the right of the peopleRead MoreAbout Georgia Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesGeorgia was admitted as a state in 1788 and was one of the Confederate States of America. It was once primarily a farm state, producing large amounts of cotton, but has since become a major manufacturing and service industry state. Georgia is named for George II of England. It is bordered by Tennessee, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina, and Florida. The population of the state is estimated at about 8,186,453. Caucasian people make up about 71% of Georgias population, while African-AmericansRead MoreDefinition Of Curriculum For Education Curriculum906 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Curriculum has many definitions in the realm of education. Some people view curriculum as a specific structure of assignments and standards that must be mastered by all students while others view curriculum as a means to an end result. Ornstein and Hunkins (2013) define curriculum as being several different things: a plan for achievement, based on student schema, a way to handle others, a program of study, and content based on levels. It is interesting to read a text written specificallyRead MoreStudent Demographics Of Richmond County Schools1273 Words   |  6 PagesRichmond County School District is located in Augusta, Georgia. Augusta, Georgia is the second largest and oldest city in Georgia with a population of about 200,000. The school district includes 56 schools that serves 32, 426 students grades Pre-K through 12. There are 33 Elementary schools, 9 Middle schools, 8 Comprehensive high schools, 4 Magnet schools, 1 Special school and 1 Charter school. The student demographics of Richmond County Public Schools are: 70% African Americans, 22% White, 4% HispanicRead MoreUpson County Georgia: Healthy People Analysis1152 Words   |  5 PagesBackground Upson County, Georgia, is the focus of our Healthy People Analysis. It is primarily White and African Amerian with high-home ownership but low valued homes, lower income than most of the state, and over 20% of the population living below the poverty line. Most of the current economic activity comes from tourism, since the manufacturing base left the area over the last two decades. The county shares some of the major health concerns of poorer communities across the nation: high obesity

Management System Database

Questions: What does database bring to our world? What does a database do to a companys bottom-line? Answers: Introduction: A collection of information, which can be organized, is called a database. It is organized so that it can be easily managed, accessed and updated. Databases can be classified according to its contents such as numeric, bibliographic, images and full-text. Relational database is a tabular database where data are defied and organized so that it can be accessed in a number of different ways. In different points in a network, a distributed database can be replicated or dispersed. An object oriented database is one which is defined in classes and subclasses and is congruent with the data. Customer profiles, sales transactions, inventories and product catalogs are types of data and files which makes a computer database. A database manager gives the users the freedom of reading, writing and accessing reports. Databases and databases managers are prevalent in large systems but are also present in smaller mainframe systems and mid range systems as the AS/400 or personal computers. Sql is a lan guage which is structured to make interactive queries and updating databases such as 1bms DB2, database products from Sybase and oracle and also Microsofts SQL Server (Actacommercii.co.za, 2015). What does database bring to our world? Databases have helped us in building large scale historical databases to enable us to test theories about the processes which are responsible for the rise of large scale societies in human history. The database has helped in evolving the sociopolitical organization of human societies. In recent world biology has been revolutionized by the usage of databases. Such as Gen Bank, which enable data collection. This process will be more useful if it comes to historical and social sciences. The data collected will help in accessing the research work into human societies (Bhatnagar Bhatia, 2014). Our aim is to use database not to change history or biology but to use database to help bridge the gap between sciences and humanities, to share and gather knowledge and then use what we have learnt about the past to shape our future Databases have brought ms access and ms excel into our world without which no task would have been able to be complete by the managers. Common uses of ms access and ms excel Excel Access Data analysis Data management Sharable output is easy to generate Database management with multiple users Logical, mathematical Display complex queries, data structuring, data subsets Chart management, conditional formatting Reports for data summarization Statistical comparisons, calculations Automation of common events These are the key comparisons between Ms Access and Ms excel. In todays world these two databases are used interchangeably.Ms excel is used for its statistics and mathematics and Access is used for displaying a lot of data in a structured manner. What has Excel given to this world: Excel is an excellent tool when using spreadsheets. It excels at numerical data, many permutations of analysis. But unfortunately, when the size of the database is enlarged like for example with a government dataset, excel begins to shrink under the stress. What has Access given to this world: Access is different from excel as where excel focuses on numerical access actually provides storage for multiple information so that it can be recalled and referred to across multiple places. The largest difference between excel and access is the record retention method. Access provides its users the benefit of modifying the data stored in access any time possible. But the same thing is not possible in excel. Other than excel and access there are other databases which can be largely categorized under Network DBMS Relational DBMS Object-oriented DBMS and Hierarchical DBMS Network dbms: When the relationships among data in the database are among many to many it is said to be a Network dbms. Because of this many to many type, network dbms is extremely complicated. However, there are two basic elements i.e. sets to designate many to-many relationships and records. High level languages like Pascal, FORTRAN, COBOL and C++ were used to set structures and implement records. Relational dbms: Rdbms is treated in the form of a table. Three keys of rdbms are attributes, relation and domain. Some of the examples of Rdbms are ms access, ms, sql server ,ingress, oracle, Informix and Sybase. Object oriented DBMS: Object Oriented databases use smaller reusable parts of softwares called objects. The object oriented database stores the objects. It is able to handle many data types including video, graphics, audio and photographs. An object oriented database stores data from many media sources such as texts and photographs and in a multimedia format it produces work as output. Hierarchical database: Hierarchical database is that database where one data is present in a subordinate way compared to the superior database. The items have a parent child relationship among them. the hierarchical data structure was made by IBM in 1968 and presented in information management systems ('Database Respository System (DBR) a Web-based Database Management Approach for Modern Epidemiologic Studies', 2000) Functions of Dbms: To ensure consistency of data and data integrity on the database, a Dbms performs several functions. The Ten functions of Dbms are: transaction management, data dictionary management, transformation and presentation of data, data storage management, security management, recovery and backup management, multiuser access control, database access languages , database communication interfaces and finally application programming interfaces. 1. Transaction management: The Dbms must supply a method which will guarantee whether all the updates in a transaction are made. All the transactions must follow the acid properties.2. Data dictionary management: the definitions of data elements are stored in data dictionary. The dbms uses this function to look up relationships and data components. This function eliminates data and structural dependency. The data dictionary is used by database administrators and is often hidden from the user.3. Transformation and presentation of data: The difference between physical and logical data formats can be understood by using transformation and presentation of data.4. Data storage management: This function of dbms is used for data validation rules, report definitions, storage of data, screen definitions, procedural code and structures that can contain picture and video formats.5. Security management: One of the most important functions of dbms is security management. Specific users are allowe d to access the database based on the set of rules given by security management. Users can access the database by using username and password. Other than that there are other forms of authentication which is rather costly. This function also restraints he user from seeing certain datas.6. Recovery and backup management: Databases can have outside threats which are dealt by recovery and backup management .Backup management looks after the data safety and security.7. Multiuser access control: Multiuser access control is a very helpful tool for dbms .It enables multiple users to access the database at the same time without affecting the integrity of the database.8. Database access languages: A non procedural language is a query language. Majority of dbms vendors support a query language. This function helps the users to specify what exactly the task that they want o is be done without specifically explaining how to do it.9. Database communication interfaces: the requests of different u sers can be accepted with this function. A dbms can provide database access through internet using web browsers like Mozilla, Netscape and internet explorer.10. Application programming interfaces: it is a set of protocols, routines and tools for building software applications. It expresses a software component in terms of its underlying types, outputs, inputs and operations (Dhawan, 2010). What does a database do to a companys bottom-line? An organization is viewed as a pyramid like structure, strategic planning and policy making being on the top, control activities and management planning on the middle and finally operational activities on the bottom. Organizations should have control over their data resources. The corporate database contains certain images over which the decisions and actions in the organization are dependent. Employees in thousands of organizations use the databases to calculate invoice customers and sales estimates and to complete accounting reports. The workers use a computerized database to access the data. The usage of relational database management system ensures that it can manage relationships between the various database elements (Management-hub.com, 2015). Data searches: the relational database management system ensures that a company can make and maintain its data over the systems lifetime. Customers can search for a product using its color, brand, name, price and other features. The system enables the users to have access to the previous datas with ease as it stores data in a sequential and predictable format. Data Updates: It allows the users to enter new informations, delete outdated data and update current records. it enters a new record in the table of the customer. Data relationships: The relational database management system enables different data tables to relate to each other. While a table contains updated information about the employee data on its sales staff and another with data on its product sales the rdms system manages the two tables and creates a relationship between the two. This relationship can tell the management which salesperson has the highest sales and which product he is selling the most (Pathak, 2008). Data Access: Modern rdms system uses a programming language known as sql or structured query language. to update, access and delete the data within its tables. These programs involving open source mysql systems and ms sql server allow outside systems to access its data via sql queries A web site can display product data including descriptions, prices and photos when the web software connects to the data contained within the rdms. The external and internal forces of an organization demands that organization should exercise control over their data resources. the image contained in the database of the organization decides upon its decisions and actions. At the operational level, managerial decisions are taken and plans are produced which are captured formally and stored in the database of a corporate firm. People in the organization, follow the query in the database o do regular operational activities. Middle management receives report comparing the present reports with the previous ones. All levels of an organization is supported by corporate databases and is vital for management process, decision making and operations. The computer applications penetrate into higher levels when an organization receives immense support from its operations. An MIS can mature as a tool for decision making, control and planning with operational database support (Saint-Leger, 2015). Conclusion: Databases have helped us in building large-scale historical databases to enable us to test theories about the processes which is responsible for the rise of large scale societies in human history. Databases have brought ms access and ms excel into our world without which no task would have been able to be complete by the managers. Organizations have to manage their data assets carefully to make sure that they can be accessed and used by employees and managers all along the organizational levels. the management has to make sure that all the employees realize the benefit of managing data electronically they require the skills of using the database. The full benefits of database management system are long term and intangible (van den Hoven, 2002). Finally, the most important aim of data management is to aid in effective decision making to achieve objectives and goals and finally bring success to the business. References: (2015). Retrieved 16 February 2015, from https://www.cs.ucla.edu/classes/fall09/cs143/notes/01chapter-handout.pdf (2015). Retrieved 16 February 2015, from https://islandman.org/uog/cs315/01_IntoDatabases.pdf Actacommercii.co.za,. (2015). Retrieved 16 February 2015, from https://www.actacommercii.co.za/index.php/acta/article/viewFile/44/44 Bhatnagar Bhatia, A. (2014). Database Management System. Oxford: Alpha Science International Ltd. Database Respository System (DBR) a Web-based Database Management Approach for Modern Epidemiologic Studies. (2000). Epidemiology, 11(4), S160. doi:10.1097/00001648-200007000-00444 Dhawan, R. (2010). Database management system. New Delhi: A P H Pub. Corp. Management-hub.com,. (2015). About MIS - Role of Database in an Organization. Retrieved 16 February 2015, from https://www.management-hub.com/database-management-mis.html Pathak, N. (2008). Database management system. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Saint-Leger, R. (2015). How Is a Management Information System Useful in Companies?. Business Entrepreneurship - azcentral.com. Retrieved 16 February 2015, from https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/management-information-system-useful-companies-1262.html van den Hoven, J. (2002). Database Management System and XML: Interchange of Data. Information Systems Management, 19(1), 94-96. doi:10.1201/1078/43199.19.1.20020101/31482.13

The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles

Introduction Negotiation is one of the most skills in the corporate world. It is a skill that would be needed in every department of the firm. As Downs (2008) notes, an organization cannot move if it lacks individuals who are able to properly negotiate on its behalf. Internally, various departments may need to negotiate over various issues.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketing department would need to convince the finance unit to allocate it enough finance to support various financial obligations it has to undertake. Similarly, the production unit would need a close coordination with the procurement and logistics unit on the flow of raw materials into the firm, and transportation of the manufactured products to the desired destinations. Individuals within the firm would also need to negotiate when they find themselves in competitive situations. Externally, organizations are involved in negotiations almost on a daily basis. The procurement unit must negotiate for quality raw materials at a cheaper price, while the marketing department would look for a better market for the firm’s product. It would require success from all the departments and individuals concerned for the organization to ensure overall success in its endeavors. Negotiation has seen a shift from what it used to be before. According to Adam and Healy (2000), unlike before when most negotiation’s ultimate end would be a win-lose situation, currently negotiations are aimed at a win-win scenario. Both parties involved should come out of the negotiation with what he or she desired, or a compromise that would be satisfactory to them. However, most discussions today still end in a win-lose situation, a fact that has seen many organizations focus on having the best team to negotiate their dealings. Both men and women comprise such team of negotiators. According to Fifield (2007) the society has changed from what used to be a highly patriarchal world, to a more liberal one where both genders feel equal to each other. Many women have since become as successful in the corporate world as men. Despite these positive changes, the two genders still exhibit differences in many set ups.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The notion that men are the dominant group over women is still held in various quarters. Many individuals still believe that men still have more authority than women in most of the decision making practices. Ward (1999) singles out Saudi Arabia where women have to seek permission from men before making serious decisions in life. Inasmuch as the Saudi case is extreme, many societies, even in the developed democracies still have a difficulty in accepting that the two genders are pr etty much equal when it comes to issues about decision making. In negotiations, both the genders have registered marked differences in their ability to make dealings that are beneficial to them. There have been divergent views as to which gender is more superior in decision making and what each uses to ensure that they are successful in their decision making processes. Different scholars have different ideas as to which of the two genders are better positioned to negotiate successfully for the firm. This paper seeks to investigate differences in negotiation between men and women. Literature Review Negotiation as a skill in the corporate world has raised a lot of concern from different quarters. This has seen scholars focus their attention to it. Of interest has been the difference in negotiation between the two genders. According to Weiss (1994) men are better placed to negotiate than women. This scholar says that men have the advantage of the perception the society has towards them . Many societies still believe that men are superior to women. For this reason, they have a strong basis to negotiate, as compared to women. Anderson (2004) supports this idea. According to this scholar, women are still chained by the manacles of inferiority that was placed on them by the society of the aging population. Although the current population is more liberal and treats both genders equally, it is still evident that women have remained the inferior sex. They get into the negotiation knowing that they would lose if they are to face a man.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The society has taught them to be submissive towards men, and this would be the mentality they transfer to such discussion. As such, they become more relaxed and prone to accepting the demands of the other party at their own expense. Bruce and Pepitone (1998) say that men are very aggressive and therefore better positioned to win negotiations. Men, unlike women, always believe in getting what they want. They would get into the negotiation table ready to grab any opportunity that would make him win the negotiation. They do not care what happens to the other party, and are less concerned if such success would break the good relationship that existed between them. Women are different, as Goel (2008) observes. This scholar says that women treasure relationships. They would rather lose the bargain but ensure that they retain positive relationship between her and the other party. As such, it would be easy to take advantage of them and win a negotiation over them. The moment negotiation becomes emotional, they would tend to relax and give in to the demands of the other party. This makes them less effective negotiators. Men are risk takers. In a negotiation, this is a very important skill. As Griffin and Moorhead (2009), negotiation requi res one to be a risk taker. They should be ready for any eventuality. According to these scholars, men would get on the negotiation table with a clear mind and ready to lose the anything but win the negotiation. Women behave contrary to this. Before anything else, their dignity matters. Anything that would jeopardize this would be avoided at all cost. When they get into the negotiation, they would always remember to be decorum and avoid scenarios that would make her be seen as too aggressive. This scholar refers to them as risk averters. When the debate gets too hot, they would rather be fence sitters, than face the whole process heads up. However, other scholars have had different opinion to the above scholars. These scholars believe that women are better negotiators than women.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Wong (2000), women are better listeners. They would take their time to listen to what the other party is saying. They would internalize it before coming up with its response. This makes them better party in a logical argument. Should they be faced by an individual who is in a rush to reach conclusion, she can use the other parties own words to win the negotiation. Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias (1992) agree with this scholar. They say that men are always in a rush. They want things done their way, but in a quick-fix manner. As such, they may make binding statements that can easily be used against them. They would lose the negotiation not because they are not good negotiators, but because are always in a rush to win the debate. Fisher, Ury and Patton (1991) argue that with the focus of negotiation changing to a win-win process, women stand a better chance of winning a negotiation than men. Women would always get into a negotiation with the aim of building relationships. They treasure relationships so much and their ultimate goal is to develop a bond that would last for a long period. Men on the other hand, aim at winning the negotiation at all costs. This would be at the expense of the good relationship that would have been developed if both parties were to leave the negotiation table satisfied. Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2009) support this idea. They say that the current world needs a sustainable relationship with other firms if they are to succeed in the operation. The world is changing from antagonistic kind of competition to a collaborative competition. Firms need to cooperate with each other. Internally, departments and individuals must work collaboratively if they expect good results from their combined force. The moment one party manipulates the other and emerges the winner in a negotiation, trust would be lost, and the party that lost the negotiation would avoid any activity that would bind it to the other party. If this happens within t he firm, it would risk a stalemate as there would be no cooperation. If this was between one firm and another (supplier or the customer), the relationship would be broken completely and there would be no chance of developing any gainful relationship. Women have one feature that Ury (1991) observes that may make them win many negotiations. According to this scholar, women are ‘flowery’, a fact that has seen them easily win some tough debates. This scholar says that debates are not won through tough talking and commanding voice. However, it is won by wining one’s heart, by making one relax his or her stand, by making an individual be able to let go some of the demands he or she had, and letting them appreciate that there is need to have both parties satisfied with the outcome of the negotiation. Men lack this ability by nature. They would like to be seen as the superior party, always pushing their agenda without paying attention to the needs of the other party. Thi s may only have the effect of intimidating the other party, and if the other party fails to get intimidated, then possibilities of the discussion running into a stalemate is very high. A woman on the other hand, will come with a calm disarming voice that would make the other party drop his guard. At such circumstances, it would be easy to manipulate the other party, but because they always have the need to develop lasting relationship in their mind, they would ensure that they have as much as they think the other party should have. Discussion Negotiation is a very important tool in the current society. The ability to negotiate over various issues is one of the most important tools that an organization must have in the current corporate world. The corporate world has gotten more competitive. In every sector, there is competition. Even organizations that were previously thought to be immune to competition like non-profit making organizations currently find themselves in a neck break c ompetition. They are competing to position themselves as the better providers of the services they provide in order to win the heart of the financers, and the acceptance of the receivers of their service. As such, negotiation is a tool that cannot be neglected at whatever cost, irrespective of the organization, or at a personal level. Both men and women are differently positioned to win a negotiation based on different factors. Without considering other factors that both genders may have in common for example age, education level, income level, experience in the concerned field, authority commanded, and such other factors, the two genders would have different capabilities to negotiate. They both have some inherent characteristics that would make them pass as either poor negotiators or otherwise. Men as Successful Negotiators Men for a long period have been the dominant gender. In a negotiation process, there are several characteristics that would be required of a negotiator is they are to win the negotiation. One such characteristic is emotional control. Men are able to control their emotions. In a discussion, at times tempers may rise during the deliberation. One party would feel that the other is deliberately avoiding the focus of discussion and shifting to irrelevant things that would yield them unfair advantage. In such cases, tempers may rise and heated exchanges may arise. This is a very delicate process that requires deed emotional control if the process is to be ultimately successful. Men are able to control, and then compose themselves, ready for a successful process to be started. This is contrary to what women would do. Should such serious exchanges occur, and in case the exchanges involved abusive language or actions, they would completely be withdrawn to themselves, and it would be nearly impossible to bring them back to the negotiation again. Men believe in themselves. This is a very important tool in a negotiation process. In a negotiation, the most important thing is to make the other party convinced that one’s argument is correct and beneficial to all. To make the other party believe that what one is saying has validity and that it is not a wild guess or a trial and error kind of a thought. To achieve this, there is need to demonstrate to the other party that one has a deep understanding of the issue at hand and that what he or she is talking about is an assurance on its own. This would call for confidence on the side of the negotiator. As Watkins (2002) says, other people should be able to read confidence in the face and speech of the negotiator. They should be convinced that what is being put forth has the benefits they claim to offer. Women are a little poor in this as compared to men. They would appear timid, or in some cases, a little in doubt. If subjected to tough questions, they can easily lose focus of the discussion because they lack composure. This would make them vulnerable. Men are risk takes, as note d in the above review of literature. As such, they stand better chance of engaging in discussion that may appear to harbor some risks in case one looses the discussion. They are persevering and easily forgiving. This puts them at a better chance of winning a debate. Men as Poor Negotiators Men may also pass as poor negotiators. One main undoing of men in a negotiation process is their attempt to emerge the winner at whichever cost. This may involve becoming manipulative, a fact that may make the other party harden their stance. Anyone would want to be tougher if they realize that the other party in a negotiation is trying to be manipulative. They would make the conditions harder and this would break up the entire negotiation process. Men also lack patience. In a negotiation process, an individual should exercise some degree of patience and be willing to listen to the other party if both are to meet at a compromise. Women as Good Negotiators Women are becoming more and more relevant in the corporate world. They have been considered as better negotiators than men because of their ability to give other parties a listening ear. This is a very important tool in winning a negotiation. Women has the ability to be patient and listen to what the other party has to say. This would ensure that they absorb and weigh the other party’s basis of reasoning against their own. This would ensure success in the discussion in the discussion because they would try to be rational in the entire process of discussion. The other party would see that this party is making an effort to make the process a success, and they would try to reciprocate. The ultimate result would be a success in the entire process. The corporate world currently requires a collaborative approach to discussion. In a negotiation, there is need to have both parties satisfied with the outcome in order to build a lasting relationship. Women are better position to do this because they always approach such discus sions with open minds. They always aim at building relationship in such discussions; their discussions would always result in a lasting relationship with the other party. Women as Poor Negotiators Although they exhibit good negotiation skills, women have some characteristics that may see them pass as poor negotiators. One such characteristic is that they are emotional. They may take issue at personal level during negotiations. They can easily get emotional during the process of negotiation, thereby breaking the whole process of communication. Women are also not assertive. In most of the cases, they lack self confidence that would see them win such discussions. Conclusion Negotiation is one of the most important tools in the corporate world. Individuals need this skill in order to succeed in various aspects of life. In the set up of an organization, negotiation would be needed both within the organization and outside. There has been a shift in the approach to negotiations. Unlike bef ore when negotiation was a win-lose scenario, current negotiations would always end in a win-win situation. Men and women have different capacities to communicate. They both have their weaknesses and their strength that make them either poor communicator. As at now, it would be true to say that on a comparative basis, men are better negotiators than women. However, with the shift moving to the need to create a lasting relationship from the negotiation, women would stand a better chance of being better negotiators for they always have in their mind the need to develop relationship from such discussions. References Adam, F. Healy, M. (2000). A Practical Guide to Postgraduate Research. Dublin: Blackhall Publishing. Anderson, P. (2004). Research Methods in Human Resource Management, Chattered London: Institute of Personell Management Publishing. Bruce, A. Pepitone, J. (1998). Motivating Employees. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Downs, L. (2008). Negotiation Skills Training. New Y ork: American Society for Training and Development. Fifield, P. (2007). Marketing Strategy: The Difference between Marketing and Markets. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. Fisher, R., Ury, W. Patton, B. (1991).Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, Issue 4. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Frankfort-Nachmias, C. Nachmias, D. (1992). Research Methods in the Social Sciences. London: Edward Arnold. Goel, D. (2008). Performance Appraisal and Compensation Management: A Modern Approach. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Griffin, W. Moorhead, G. (2009). Organisational Behaviour: Managing People and Organisations. Mason: Cengage learning. Lewicki, R., Barry, B., Saunders, D. (2009). Negotiation. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ury, W. (1991). Getting Past No: Negotiating Your Way from Confrontation to Cooperation. New York: Bantam Books. Ward, K. (1999). Cyber-ethnography, and the emergence of the virtually new community. Journal of Information Technology. 14: 9 5-105. Watkins, M. (2002). Breakthrough Business Negotiation: A Toolbox for Managers. New York: John Wiley Sons. Weiss, R. (1994). Learning from Strangers: The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York: The Free Press. Wong, R. (2000). Motivation: A behavioural Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press. This research paper on The Gender Differences in Negotiation Styles was written and submitted by user Giselle H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Like Malbec for Porsches

Like Malbec for Porsches The Argentine government has introduced various business regulations that foreign companies which seek to do business in Argentina need to comply with. This has had a negative impact on business activities in the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Like Malbec for Porsches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Argentine president, Christina Fernandez de Kirchner has introduced policies which have affected the country’s economy negatively. Car importers in the country from Germany and Japan have been made to agree to new conditions for them to continue operating in the country. These conditions are making it difficult for them to do business in Argentina. The importer of Porsche in the country has been asked to export olives and Malbec wine to be allowed to operate in the country. Other car importers have also had to comply with similar conditions. These conditions are not good for the car sellers because the c osts of doing business have increased. They have been made to focus on activities which they have little expertise in; to fulfil stringent business polices put in place by President De Kirchner’s government. These actions have dented the image of De Kirchner’s government in the eyes of foreign investors. The volume of car imports into Argentina has decreased from an estimated 580,000 vehicles in 2011 to 420, 000 vehicles in 2012. The insistence by the government that car importers need to export the country’s agricultural products equivalent to the value of cars imported has caused a lot of distress. The country’s economic policies fail to take note of the economic situation in the global economy. Argentina has experienced high rates of inflation which have made its products very expensive. The conditions given to the car importers are not going to change this economic situation. The country’s main currency, the peso, is facing serious challenges. The country receives more imports than exports because locally produced goods are very expensive. The value of the peso against the US dollar has strengthened; because importers are restricted on the amounts of dollars they can hold.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has made it difficult for crucial sectors in the economy to import raw materials from abroad. The government’s currency laws have severely affected the importation of crucial capital goods necessary for key economic sectors to perform. The macro economic situation in the country is bleak because the policies introduced by the government are unfavourable for local and foreign investors. Argentina is losing the confidence of foreign investors, some of whom have closed their business operations in the country. The country’s industrial output is declining which has affected economic growth in the f irst three quarters of 2012. This economic outlook has resulted from the De Kirchner’s policies which restrict the amounts of dollars Argentines can possess. Local industries which rely on imported raw materials cannot access sufficient quantities of dollars for their operations and this is affecting their output. Argentina is likely to slide into more problems similar to the economic decline that engulfed it in 2001 when it was unable to service its debt. The country’s stringent import controls have affected the performance of its key industrial sectors. The import restrictions will make other countries that trade with the country to impose their own restrictions against Argentine produced goods. This will limit the effectiveness of the currency and import regulation policies which have been put in place by the government.

How to Use the Spanish Verb Quitar

How to Use the Spanish Verb Quitar With a basic meaning of to remove, the everyday Spanish verb quitar has a wider variety of meanings than the simple translation might suggest. Common translations, depending on the context, include to remove, to take away, to diminish, to eliminate, and to take off. Although it may have a distant etymological connection with the English word quiet, quitar doesnt have a related meaning, although it can be used to mean quit when used in a particular phrase as shown in the final entry below. Quitar Meaning ‘To Remove’ To remove is the simplest and most common meaning for quitar, and the other meanings overlap with it. Note how you can vary the translation considerably depending on the context. For example, while it is common in English to say you can remove your clothes, you can also take them off. But while you can remove a television from your room, you dont take it off, although you might take it out. Me quità © los zapatos y no sà © dà ³nde los dejà ©. (I took off my shoes and dont know where I left them.)Quiero que quites esos libros de mi casa. (I want you to take those books out of my house.)Con toda delicadeza y cuidado, Peter le quità ³ la astilla con su cuchillo. (Very delicately and carefully, Peter removed the sliver with his knife.)Un paciente necesita tomar la medicina por 7 a 10 dà ­as para quitar la infeccià ³n completamente. (A patient needs to take the medicine for seven to 10 days in order to completely get rid of the infection.) ¡Quà ­tate de mi camino! (Get out of my way! Literally, get yourself out of my path!) Quitar for ‘Take’ or ‘Take Away’ In some contexts, removal can suggest the taking of something. Where the taking is involuntary, quitar sometimes has the meaning of to rob. Robin Hood le quità ³ el dinero a los ricos. (Robin Hood stole money from the rich.)Le quitaron el record a Palermo. (They took the record away from Palermo.)El ladrà ³n me quità ³ todas mis pertenencias. (The thief robbed me of all my belongings.)El trabajo me quita muchas horas del dà ­a. (Work uses up many of my hours of the day.)La gente nos quitaba las bolsas de manzanas y melocotones de las manos. (The people took the bags of apples and peaches out of our hands.) Using Quitar With Reference to Feelings Quitar sometimes refers to the removal or elimination of emotions or feelings. Translations can vary with the feeling affected. Podemos disfrutar un sorbo que nos quitar la sed. (We can enjoy a sip that will quench our thirst.)Quiero quitar el dolor de muelas sin ir al dentista. (I want to end my dental pain without going to the dentist.)Las Tic Tacs tienen solo dos calorias cada una y te quitan el hambre. (Tic Tacs have only two calories apiece and take away your hunger.)Tenà ­amos un montà ³n de informes favorables que nos quitaron el miedo. (We had a mountain of good news that overcame our fear.)Los drogas me quitaron la felicidad de abrazar a mi hijo. (The drugs robbed me of the joy of hugging my son.) Quitar for Quitting The phrase quitarse de, which literally means to remove oneself from, can be used to mean to quit when followed by a noun or infinitive. Dejar is used more often for this purpose, however. Hoy es el dà ­a de quitarse de Facebook. (Today is the day to quit Facebook.)Recuerdo que se quità ³ de fumar por un problema de pulmà ³n. (I remember that she quit smoking because of a lung problem.) Grammar Tips for Quitar You may understand some of the sample sentences better if you have a strong understanding of indirect objects and reflexive pronouns, as quitar is often used with them. Possessive adjectives are also important to learn when el and la are used as the equivalent of words such as my and your.

Strategic Management Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The human resource management plays a major role during mergers and acquisitions in conducting the following functional responsibilities. Recruitment and retention Change in an organization is normally accompanied by uncertainty. During this period, outside forces which includes recruiters and competitors can take advantage and take the best employees when the company needs them most. The human resources management will help the company come up with and implement recruitment and retention strategy. This will help in identifying and retaining employees with skills which are crucial to the company. Retention strategy will help the changing company to retain intellectual capital, fostered client relationships, and business focus, which enables the company to operate in an effective manner. When companies merge or restructure, some employees may have to be laid off. According to Page (2006), layoffs should be properly handled to prevent negative impact to the employees who remain. This i s because remaining employees may feel insecure, angry, lonely or less productive when right procedures are not followed. For example, if meritocracy is not included in the layoff process, best performing employees will feel insecure because they can be retrenched anytime no matter their contribution. Human resource department develops and implements specific actions, appropriate timing, and responsibilities on how to keep best employees. Training and development The human resource management ensures that all the employees in the organization are equipped with the appropriate training and development. This enables organizations’ employees to develop confidence; the required skills and behavior which will assist them adjust to their new roles. Through this, all the employees will have proper tools to conduct the required changes in the organization as well as deliver and maintain all the changes successfully. When conducting training and development, all those in various manag erial levels should be equipped with proper leadership skills. Through this, they will be able to properly manage and motivate the teams assigned to them. In addition, they will be able to provide proper communication and guidance to their subordinates during the mergers and acquisitions. With proper training, the organization’s managers will be in a position to help their subordinates to understand they are part of the brand new company and culture. Employee performance management According to Watkins and Leigh (2009), performance management is appropriate for an organization which is large enough as to necessitate an effective means of evaluating its own employees. The human resource management after the mergers and acquisitions in an organization uses employee performance management system to support the overall organizational integration of employee evaluation. Through this, the management will also be able to improve on the level and quality of employee communication and overall productivity. The uniqueness of performance management is that it focuses on an organization specific needs and is flexible to change. The human resource management and performance management experts try to find out evaluation needs of various employees and they come up with specific scalable processes. These processes are coordinated with employee’s effort in order to measure performance accurately and ensure motivation is created. All this is

Film Asssignment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Asssignment - Term Paper Example Regarding Benjamin’s physical aspects, he was brought out into this world with the body and face of an old man. Instead of having smooth and soft baby skin, he was all wrinkled and weathered. In the movie, one of the old women commented, â€Å"he just looks like my ex-husband†. Everybody was shocked because of his elderly appearance. He had liver spots and was relatively thin. Like any other elderly, he had a small amount of subcutaneous fat. At babyhood stage, he was a clumsy walker. It was not because he was still learning how to saunter but because he had very weak limbs. At 7 years old, he was in a wheel-chair. In a certain scene, he was striving hard to walk during a church service. Moreover, he was being assisted in almost all kinds of self-help skills including bathing since he was not yet able to fully rely on his dexterities. People in the old age have mobility challenges because of structural alterations in joints, ligaments, and bones. Similarly, muscle volum e decreases as well as strength and endurance. As a couple of years passed, he began to wear eye glasses to cope with his low vision. He was also using a hearing device in sensing the sound of fork dropping on his plate. Indeed, hearing and seeing become challenging as each cell in the body deteriorates. Furthermore, his voice sounded crackled and coarse. Due to muscle atrophy, the vocal cords lose mass and tissues become less flexible as they thin out. These changes make the voice sound â€Å"old†. As for his psychological aspect, he was concerned with death and dying. Like the senior citizens around him, he was wondering if he still had years or days to spare. One night, he asked his mother, â€Å"Mama, how much long do I got†. It is common for people in the old age to think of the imminent end. Pondering on it may help in accepting the reality of life’s end. In relation to Erik Erikson’s theory, the last developmental stage is concerned with integrity versus despair. This means that people would have honor if they would feel that they have led an overall successful life. On the other hand, despair would ensue if the past seems to be riddled with regrets, mistakes, frustrations, and wasted opportunities. Benjamin’s exasperation was apparent when he was reflecting on what was happening day by day. He noticed the routine of his household and his neighbourhood. Typically, folks wake up at 5:30 and everyone goes on with their respective schedules. Hence, when a visitor came and shared his experiences in various places, Benjamin got greatly interested. He was very much curious of the culture and the people outside his safe town. He also wanted to lead a rich life. Seemingly, he had the motivation to break free from the repetitive norm and have integrity by pursuing life’s challenges. He agreed to go out and have a glimpse of the alfresco world. Though he lost his way home and tediously walked going home until midnight, he branded that day as the best one in his life. He probably said that because it was the moment when he discovered that he can work towards achieving integrity in his ostensibly despairing existence. Regarding his socio emotional aspect, he did not have much of a hard time blending in at first since they all looked the same. Like the others in the nursing home, he had some routines that made him feel secure. Older adults feel safer when they do not have to worry much about other’

Ethnic group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic group Essay Race in America is one of those subjects that scholars rarely broach and are heavily criticized for these omissions by their constituents. For this reason, the subject of race and urbanization felt a proper choice for this final paper. Following, we will incorporate data from multiple sources including Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, a novel that examines the harrowing trials of different groups in Afghanistan and what happens to the ones lucky enough to escape the violence of their homeland into the safety net of American soil; in an attempt to show the inalienable link between race and urbanization. This discussion on urbanization and race in American will also include a brief discussion on classism. Classism is a part of the structural organization of society that can be measured as part of the contributing factors to the socioeconomic divisiveness experienced in this urbanized world. Some argue that gentrification, in all of its wonders is class based. Others argue it more a matter of ethnicity and race, both may be correct. Nevertheless, the issue of race, as aforementioned should be granted a closer look. By examining the ideas and experiences of anthropologists and sociologists past and present this paper will attempt to specify on how classism, racism, and urbanization are connected. Growing Cities and Ghettos The Industrial Revolution sparked an enormous wave of migrants and immigrants into American cities creating an urban ecology. Chapter 3 of the Giddens et. al. text, describes the social movement from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft; from a community based ideology in society to a more individualized world. Afghanistan is an agriculturally based society. Urbanization is a global process that draws people away from rural areas and into the cities. Once in those cities, people tend to gravitate to areas that are inhabited by people of their same cultural fabric. In discussing theories of urbanization, gentrification and displacement, John Bentacur (2010) in Gentrification and Community Fabric in Chicago points out how people are drawn to areas that have a cultural/ethnic connectivity, â€Å"immigrants with different characteristics compete for space until they get accommodated with alike others in locations that correspond to their competitive strengths† (p 384). In the novel, The Kite Runner, Amir and his father make the arduous migration from Kabul, Afghanistan to Fremont, California. Their low income neighborhood of Fremont is ethnically diverse but with a notable concentration of Afghani residents. It makes sense that when people leave their countries of origin to settle in a new place, they will be drawn to people and areas that are familiar to them. Even with familiarity problems arise, urban studies reveal several difficulties that plague densely populated urban neighborhoods; poverty, crime and dilapidated conditions to name a few. In Afghanistan Baba, Amir’s father, was rich and even wielded some power for being a respected business man and serving the community by creating an orphanage that would later be destroyed by the Taliban regime. In America, there would be no such accolades to speak of for their family. In fact, they would live in a type of poverty, they had never experienced nor hardly imagined. They would experience the existence that many black Americans face with no end in sight. A growing world population combined with globalization and the heightened mobility that comes with it has led to the creation of cities and a scramble for affordable housing. Gentrification also known as ‘urban regeneration’ or ‘re-urbanization’ is the process that happens in a community when it becomes urbanized and consists of the higher income families moving into lower income areas. During this process demographic changes are notable; in America, gentrification is notably marked by white families moving into black neighborhoods. Race and Ethnicity America is a multicultural nation. Our history of slavery created the black and white groups and the immigrant populations from around the world contributes to a high variety of culture and ethnic background. The macro-sociological issue of race and ethnicity has been the source of much debate and discussion. The reason for this is that the issue of race has been the root cause of social and political turmoil. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton provide the backdrop in history when segregation by race was created in America in their book American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Massey and Denton edify that racial segregation was not always a fact of life in American society and that in fact; blacks and whites lived in close proximity to each other, albeit in the alley ways of the big homes occupied by their white neighbors, â€Å"industrialization in the north unleashed a set of social, economic and technological changes that dramatically altered the urban environment in ways that promoted segregation between social groups† (1993:19-26). Urbanization and technological advancement (causing blacks in the south to migrate to northern cities by the tens of thousands) would be the foundation for residential segregation where blacks and other minorities would be relegated to the outskirts of town. Black ghettos would remain isolated from society in a manner that was rarely, experienced by the European immigrants that came to this country during industrialization. Blacks and later, Latinos, would be destined to live isolated and neglected from social organizations and deprived from many of the benefits enjoyed by white communities with little hope of escape, â€Å"not only was the segregation of European ethnic groups lower, it was also temporary. Whereas Europeans isolation indices began to drop shortly after 1920, the spatial isolation characteristics of blacks had become a permanent feature of the residential structure of large American cities by 1940† (Massey and Denton 1993:57). In America, race and ethnicity is more clearly defined than in places like Afghanistan. According to data gathered from the PBS News Hour website, Afghanistan has nine different ethnic groups that reside in different territories of the country. They have fought and continue to fight civil wars, over culture (religion), legislative power and territory. Afghanistan and the U. S. are similar in their historical oppression of one ethnic group over another. In Afghanistan, the Pashtun/Sunni have for a long time ruled the land and claimed dominion over the Hazara/Shites. The Hazara group can be considered the equivalent to the Black demographic in America where historically they were the slave class, but are currently represented in government. Statistics In a rapidly modernizing world, Afghanistan is among the severely underdeveloped countries of the Middle East. As previously mentioned, Afghanistan is a multiethnic/multifaith, agriculturally based democracy, with a history of violence. And it perhaps it is this history, in addition to deep religious belief systems that have kept this land from joining the rest of the modern world. In reviewing the Millennium Development Goals indicators, data collected by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), I reviewed several indicators that point to the fact that Afghanistan has a long road ahead. Afghanistan is making slow but sure progress trying to bring itself into a socially, politically and economically stable place. The first indicator measured the number of underweight children less than 59 months. The UNSD defines this indicator as a high number of moderately to severely underweight children, â€Å"whose weights for age are less than two standard deviations†. According to the report a healthy population will have 2. 3 percent of their children in this category. In 2004, 32. 9 percent of Afghanistan’s children were reportedly underweight, compared to 44. 9 percent in 1997. This indicator points to the poverty level and lack of nourishment recorded within a seven year period in Afghanistan. A second indicator measures women’s rights and representation in government. This indicator is defined as, â€Å"the portion of seats held by women in national parliament† increased from 3. 7 percent in 1990 to 27. 3 percent in 2006. The measurement was sustained through 2012 at 27. 7 percent. More work needs to be done and educating the population should be the place to start. Theological Link The Modernization Theory discussed in the text looks to explain the underdevelopment of countries like Afghanistan. Marx worried about capitalism and the effects it had on the lower-class population and thereby, the democratic process. Marx’s Conflict Theory dictates that societies are ruled by a small group of elite that create social order for the larger population. In this, we have the creation of divisions by class (division of labor), a central topic of discourse since the beginning of industrialized times. The French Revolution of 1787 (also known as the revolt of the bourgeois or middle-class society) creating capitalism and thereby usurping government power from monarchs. Karl Marx hated democracy. â€Å"Democracy is the road to socialism† (Karl Marx) Capitalism created tensions between the working and bourgeois classes. Summary Race and urbanization are indivisibly linked. Marxism and Class Conflict is the most applicable theory of today’s society. Considering the current events and status of world order, it is undeniable; capitalism continues to be the most powerful ideology in the world. The United States is a powerful country and the way it retains power is by unwaveringly maintaining capitalistic ideology and participating in global conflict around the world in defense of this ideology, â€Å"power, ideology, and conflict are always closely connected† (Giddens 2012:20). Societies are based on trust and these trusts are broken by the people that create and uphold unjust rules for the population of color and the poor. Works Cited Betancur, John. 2010. â€Å"Gentrification and community fabric in Chicago. † Urban Studies Journal Foundation. Sage 48(2): 383 407. Retrieved from http://usj. sagepub. com/content/48/2/383 Giddens, Anthony, Mitchell Duneier, Richard P. Applebaum and Deborah Carr. 2012. â€Å"Introduction to sociology. † New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Eighth ed. , pp. 15-78. Massey, Douglas and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. â€Å"The construction of the ghetto. † Pp 17-59 in American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making for the Underclass. Harvard University Press. Retrieved from http://ereserve. baruch. cuny. edu. remote. baruch. cuny. edu/eres/coursepage. aspx? cid=3155page=docs United Nations Statistics Division. (1991-2011) [Table Data on Gender Parity Index in Primary Enrollment retrieved November 5, 2012. ] Millenium Development Goals Indicators. Retrieved from http://mdgs. un. org/unsd/mdg/Metadata. aspx? IndicatorId=0SeriesId=559 United Nations Statistics Division. (1991-2011) [Table Data on Gender Parity Index in Primary Enrollment retrieved November 5, 2012. ] Millenium Development Goals Indicators. Retrieved from http://mdgs. un. org/unsd/mdg/Metadata. aspx? IndicatorId=0SeriesId=557.

The Outsider Essay -- Character Analysis, Meursault

Albert Camus states that â€Å"In our society any man who doesn’t cry at his mother’s funeral is liable to be condemned to death† (Camus, 18). In the book The Outsider, Meursault defies local convention by not showing the sadness that is expected of him at his mother’s funeral. Ultimately, his life is dependant on this very decision of whether or not to show emotion. In the society that Meursault lives in, one is expected to conform to their standards and social norms. Anyone who deviates from these norms is considered an outcast and destined to die at the hands of society. Meursault was expected to show outwards signs of grief whether it was real or not. Even if the grief is artificial, most people will play to the audience and show signs of grief to minimize the risk of losing their life. Meursault’s was conflicted between following society’s rules and being true to himself. The nurse at his mother's funeral warned him that â€Å"if yougo slowly, you risk getting sun-stroke. But if you go too fast, you perspire and then in the church you catch a chill. She was right. There was no way out† (Camus, 22). The nurse’s admonition is consistent with his internal struggle. To Meursault, walking too fast is similar to conforming to society and walking too slow means following his own path. There is no middle ground to the situation, no happy median and no suitable compromise. Meursault faces the challenge of whether or not to conform on three main levels; physical, emotional and spiritual. He has the constant battle between following his physical self; his id, and doing what is right. Meursault also has to decide whether or not to be true to his emotions and decide if lying during his trial is a suitable course of action. Finally h... ... mother, he does not react in a way most people do. He does not cry but instead accepts what has happened and realizes that he can not change it. He goes back and does physical things he would do on a normal day. When the caretaker offers him coffee, he accepts it, he smokes a cigarette and has sex with a woman he just met. Meursault also does not lie to escape death. He refuses to conform to society and lie. He would rather be seen as an outsider than do something that he does not believe in. Finally, Meursault, will not believe in G-d or Christianity just because it is the only thing to turn to before he is put to death. When Meursault decides not to cry at his mother’s funeral, he accepts himself as an outsider. When he is considered an outsider, it does not matter if he is guilty or innocent; at the end of the day he guilty just for being different.

Colonialism and Young Black Kid

At the end of the novel Guerrillas, by V. S Naipaul, Jane, a British woman from London is murdered by Bryant, a young black kid native to the Caribbean island where the novel is based. Behind this murder we could discuss guilt and responsibility through different perspectives. Can we really hold Bryant responsible for his actions? Jane is a woman who is not content with herself, she is naive as Roche defines her and out of balance-out of touch with herself and the perception of reality. She is careless about people’s feelings and ignorant about the consequences of her actions.The fact that she wavers from passion and pleasure through meaningless sexual encounters to rape and violence are all feelings that remind her she’s alive, nothing less and nothing more. Consequently, being in a post-colonial society full of animosity and frustration, all her mistakes and imprudent actions lead her to her own death. This is an example of how the presence and impact of â€Å"the po werful colonizer† damaged not only those around him but themselves, in this case Naipaul’s character of Jane is a representation of the indifference and self-centered post-colonial personality of the dominant race in the colonized territories.In conclusion we could argue that Jane did act in a selfish and unconcerned manner. Conscious that she had the alternative of returning to her homeland, escaping the island’s reality and trying to bring back with her an adventurous experience full of love affairs and careless decisions, she unawarely clashed with the islanders; a people whose disadvantages in life were reflected through anger, despair, emotional repression and a hopelessness that Bryant and Jimmy embodied.Naipaul tries to engage the reader into feeling empathy towards the latter characters by placing Jimmy first, as the frustrated revolutionary who lives his own lie and only wishes to see himself as a hero that satisfies the oppressed desire of revenge again st the powerful dominant, whereas Bryant is the unfortunate native young child overwhelmed by hostility and thwarted dreams who could have become a better person if given the opportunity. In consideration of all these factors and circumstances, who is really to blame?

Romeo Character Analysis Essay

I chose to analyse Romeo. because I think that Romeo has many features and there is a batch to explicate about him. Besides Romeo alterations in the narrative line many times ; he can besides hold many different features at the same clip. Romeo is a type of adult male that if he wants something he will seek his best to acquire it. Romeo is a really down. sad adult male at the beginning of the drama because he loves a adult female but he can’t love because of the feud between their two households. This feud is between the Capulet household. and the Montague household ; this feud has been traveling on for many old ages and has ne'er ended. You can detect that Romeo is depressed because he locks himself in his room and makes it dark. and so he weeps and weeps about the adult female that he loves. Romeos love is a lady named Rosaline. he weeps because she has kept a promise to remain chaste ( stay pure. or remain a virgin ) for the remainder of her life. When Romeo and his friends attend the Capulet banquet Romeo notices a immature beautiful miss named Juliet. in which he falls in love with and depict her as a gem. and that her beauty is like a bright star. So Romeo forgets about Rosaline and he wants to run into and be with Juliet but it is besides out because she is the girl of lord Capulet. but Romeo does non care and as the dances slow down he sneaks towards Juliet and he impresses her by stating her about her beauty. and he kisses her. She tells him that he has taken her wickedness and Romeo kisses her one time more to give back her wickedness. During the center of the drama. Romeo is in love but shortly alterations right after. Romeo tells Tybalt that he loves the Capulet’s. But Mercutio draws his blade at Tybalt and calls Romeo dishonourable. but while Mercutio and Tybalt duel Romeo attempts to halt the battle and Mercutio gets stabbed and dies. But after Mercutio dies Romeo becomes infuriated and pursuits after Tybalt. But when he finds Tybalt he mocks him and pull at Tybalt. Romeo becomes a combatant as he challenges Tybalt in a affaire d'honneur. In decision I see that Romeo has many more features and that he has a passionate love to be with Juliet at all times. I besides like the narrative about these two because of the manner that they both alteration and how they want to be together everlastingly but can’t. But they find a manner how. so I recommend this book to anyone that loves a good love affair narrative line or drama.

Chicago Style Software

Chicago Style Software The Chicago Style Manual has become popular largely because of its comprehensiveness. Virtually any grammatical or stylistic question you might have will be answered within the pages of the Chicago Manual of Style. But how can you commit so many rules and regulations to memory? Click Here For Our Recommended Chicago Style Software Resource! The Wealth of Information in Chicago Style Because the Chicago Manual of Style covers so many topics, it can be difficult to retain all of the information it contains. Many people purchase the manual itself, with hundreds of pages of reference to wade through. In a pinch, this hard-copy method can be daunting. Easier Reference with Chicago Style Software Luckily, with the magic of modern technology, you dont have to hunt for stylistic information. Chicago Style software can be purchased online, and easily installed for quick reference. There is no more need for bulky texts and difficult rules. In fact, you can even format your bibliography in an instant, using Chicago Style Software. Just by entering simple fields, you can generate an instant, accurate bibliography. You can be sure your citations and bibliography will conform to modern standards, every time.

How to Write a Thesis

How to Write a Thesis How to Write a Thesis How to Write a Thesis By Mark Nichol An analytical or persuasive essay is a capsule thesis, and, like its more substantial analogue, it requires a thesis statement. Here are some notes about how to develop that statement. A thesis statement is a sentence (or two) that encapsulates and introduces an analysis or argument. An essay benefits from a thesis statement by concisely expressing the writer’s argument and serving as a basis for developing and organizing it. If you are assigned to write an essay, whether in an academic or professional setting, the topic may or may not be given. If the topic is specified, you can produce the thesis statement by converting the explanation of the assignment into a question; your response to that question is the thesis statement. For example, if you are asked to write about feeding wild animals, you might pose the question â€Å"Why is feeding wild animals a bad idea?† You might reply, â€Å"Feeding wild animals disrupts natural habits in animals and endangers them and the people who feed them.† You would then research the issue and jot down notes about how feeding wild animals, or making food available to them, might make them dependent on food supplied by humans, which in turn may affect their ability to forage or hunt when the human-provided food may no longer be available. Another supporting point would be the consequences to humans: Animals that are fed may become insistent or even aggressive, damaging property or attacking humans or their pets; diseased animals may infect humans they come in contact with, and so on. If it is your responsibility to select the topic, consider these elements of a successful persuasive essay: the topic is an issue that is arguable (that is, it isn’t a given that every reader would agree with you), and it can be adequately discussed in the framework of the assignment. In addition, confirm that you are adhering to one main idea and that, when you are done, you have not only stated your views but also supported your conclusions. Distinguishing characteristics of effective theses are that they are specific, they clearly state the writer’s position, and they encourage discussion. These qualities should be apparent in the work as a whole as well as in the thesis statement itself. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and Toes30 Baseball IdiomsThe Uses of â€Å"The†

Flip The Funnel Reflection paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Flip The Funnel Reflection - Research Paper Example The book named ‘Flip the Funnel’ shows a triangular relationship between good old-fashioned fundamentals of business, future-focused vision of the business leaders and most importantly, common sense. This book allows the development of a totally new way of thought thinking and provides space for turning the existing conventional practices upside down in order to develop a new way of thinking (Jaffe, 2010, p. 270). This new methodology has taught me the way in which businesses can expand through shrinking costs. Reduction in costs would also allow shrinking the financial budget. It helps managers to adopt strategies about achieving higher yield from making less investment and incurring lesser costs. This new process focuses not only on profit maximization but also on the needs of the customers, so as to induce them to satisfy their needs by spending their money with the particular company. Underpinnings of the new theory According to my perception, the Flip the Funnel the ory concentrates on two underutilized constituencies in the marketing field; the customer evangelists and the employees of the company. This theory on one hand focuses on the prospective customers that are not exiting customers of the company but who might become loyal customers of the brand in future. On the other hand, it also focuses on the employees. Employees are also customers at the other end of the funnel. This potential has remained unexplored and if exploited can yield good benefits. The method of flipping the funnel is different from the acquisition principle of the traditional marketing funnel that emphasizes on generating new business from new customers (Court, Elzinga, Mulder & Vetvik, 2009). In difficult times the company does not have the opportunity of mitigating risks, cutting costs or make a tradeoff between quality and quantity, since quality helps the company to keep its reputation alive. On the contrary, the company has to improve its commitment and make wise i nvestment decisions. All activities of the business affect customer decision and therefore affect the future performance of the business. Although for big businesses the effect of these activities sometimes appears to be insignificant, often actually they are game changing. I have learnt from the book that customer experience, short term interactions between the company (its brand, products and customer service) and its customers and long term business performance, are inter-related. Therefore these activities are potential enough to significantly impact future sales; both in terms of repeat purchases by the existing customers and also new business generated from the existing customers. Therefore, Jaffe has put it convincingly that there should be no hesitation regarding flipping the funnel in modern business activities but, the doubt should be cleared regarding the appropriate time at which the funnel can be flipped. Also the question, that how much the tunnel should be flipped, ha s to be answered well ahead of actually practicing the method of turning the traditional marketing tunnel (Jaffe, 2010, p. 271). This new method advocates a strong idea; a company-customer pact should be followed that imbues the idea of partnership between these two parties. New approaches to marketing The book demonstrates several examples by

Education for the Unemployed Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Education for the Unemployed - Coursework Example Education for the unemployed is a move that will cater for the education of parents so they too may be helpful in the education of their children. The budget to carry out this project is one that proves there is a lot of emphasis on the education materials that are to be used and thus push for there being an element of seriousness in the project (Jeffrey & Jeffery et al., 2008). The move is one that will encourage parents to push their children to try and give their all in the classroom and be able to get a future that is stable. Education the unemployed without asking them for anything in return but to give their children an education, the parents will be more than helpful if they aim to ensure that their children are as well educated. The budgetary allocation of $100,000 was to make sure that the education program was to go on without a hitch. $30,000 is to be used for the salaries top the teachers and the staff that are involved in the teaching process. $10,500 is to be allocated to the curriculum materials that the parents would use to learn, $2000 for the training of the staff and the teachers that would be teaching the parents as well. Furthermore, the money would be used to train the parents as well in the methods and means that are used in teaching. $9,500 would be used for administrative purposes, $1,500 for the development of the project and as a result $8,000 would be used in the benefits of program. With education there is always the requirement for there to be some out-of-class experience, thus there are bound to be trips, thus the allocation of $30,000 for travel, with $3,500 used for the operations of the school and $2,000 for the receipt of licenses so as to ensure that the school is as well legitim ate in the eyes of the government and the education governing boards. There will be a need for some miscellaneous funds and it is with this that $3,000 is allocated for ‘other’ services

Kellogg Company Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kellogg Company - Coursework Example This paper examines business strategy of Kellogg’s Company by taking into account its strategic plan, an evaluation of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and the comparison of the company with other companies in terms of strategic planning. Overview of Kellogg Company Kellogg Company is currently the leading producer of cereal and convenience foods such as cookies, cereal bars, frozen waffles, meat alternatives, pastries, piecrusts, and ice cream cones. The products of Kellogg are manufactured in more than seventeen (70) countries and marketed in more than one hundred and eighty countries (180) around the world (Kellogg Company, 2010). Strategic Planning Strategic planning refers to the process of developing a mission and long-range objectives and how such objectives will be accomplished. Strategic plans are often developed for five years but they are regularly reviewed and revised annually to achieve the laid down objectives for five years (Simerson, 2011:1 35). Strategic planning process entails the developing of mission, analyzing the environment, setting objectives, developing strategies, implementing, and controlling the strategies (Lussier, 2011:128). Strategic planning can help companies to identify products that are suited to the needs, objectives, and resources of the firm and in the development of plans for introduction of new products in the market. Despite the positive contribution of strategic planning in organizational planning, it has some problems. One of the problems associated with strategic planning is the emphasis of quantity instead of quality. Most strategic plans stress on the achievement of quantitative results while ignoring or paying less attention to quality (Botten, 2009). The second problem of strategic planning is the failure or neglect in the analysis of internal and external environment. Another problem that is associated with strategic planning is the implementation of the goals and strategies as outline d in the vision, mission, and goals of organization (2008). Although companies often do strategic planning, its successful implementation is an arduous task. Financial implications are another problem associated with strategic planning. The cost needed to implement strategic plans adds more burden to organizations. Failure by companies to allocate sufficient resources towards the implementation of strategic plans can jeopardize the whole process (Simerson, 2011). Tesco Company was also faced with strategic planning problems. Tesco is one of the largest food retailers in the world with United Kingdom as its dominant market. The company developed a strategic plan and it has yielded results for the firm. Strategic planning has brought fortunes to the company by successfully engaging in branding and effective service delivery to customers (Cavusgil, Knight & Riesenberger, 2008). Through effective strategic planning, Tesco has fostered and established brand identity and awareness through consumer experience and brand extension approaches. Strategic planning has enabled Tesco to compete with other companies in food retail sectors and to adapt to various business environments (Needham, 2009). Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Growth –Share Matrix Due to increase in competition and need for market share expansion, companies

Compatibility of marketing strategies to environment

Compatibility of marketing strategies to environment The beverage industry is highly taken up by the Cola-War between the two giant rivals, Coca Cola and PepsiCo. However, Coca-Cola holds the major share world-wide, the case is reverse for the Pakistani market, where, Pakistan Beverage Ltd. had been and is a major player in the beverage industry. PEPSI is under PBL and is a market leader with over 70 percent market share of the soft-drink industry in Pakistan. (Indian Pakistani trade unit website). The current marketing plan is aimed at analysing, the scenario of the company with respect to its marketing activities and proposing/recommending, any changes required. This marketing plan aims to identify the compatibity of the companys basic marketing strategies to its marketing environment, its competitors, its customers keeping in lieu its over all strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. This plan then aims to analyse the companys mission statement with respect to its goals and objectives followed by the analyses of the current marketing strategies and marketing mix. Lastly, this report proposes recommendations the company should look into adopting. COMPANY INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION: According to the official website of Pepsi Co, PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with 2005 revenues of more than $32 billion and more than 157,000 employees. Pepsi co, Inc is founded by Donald M. Kendall, and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi-Cola and Herman W. Lay, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Frito-Lay, through the merger of two companies(official website of Pepsi). However, Pepsi-cola was formed by the end of 1890s. With brands that are almost 100 years old, Pepsi ® Co. PepsiCo is organized in six divisions: Frito-Lay North America, Frito-Lay International, Pepsi-Cola North America, Gatorade/Tropicana North America, PepsiCo Beverages International and Quaker Foods North America. The Companys North American divisions operate in the United States and Canada and accounts for seventy percent of its sales. Its international divisions operate in over 175 countries, with PepsiCos largest operations in Mexico and the United Kingdom. PepsiCo is working hard to build its presence in emerging markets like India, China and Russia. PepsiCo World Headquarters is located in Purchase, New York. PepsiCo is traded as PEP on NYSE. In the year 2006 Pepsi was ranked among Top 100 Brands by Business Week, ranks 18th PepsiCo ranks 18 out of Top 50 Companies for Diversity list by DiversityIncs. However according to the annual report of 2005, the growth in the carbonated sector, had slowed down and due to that, the company is now ahead into diversification in organic products. (Official website of PepsiCo) PepsiCo is a leader in innovation (three of top ten new food and beverage products are Pepsi-Cola brands). Consumers consider PepsiCos Quaker and Tropicana brands the healthiest among all brands. PepsiCos success is the results of superior products, high standards of performance, distinctive competitive strategies and the high integrity of its people. (Source: official website of Pepsi Co, www.pepsico.com) BRANDS AND COMPANIES PepsiCo has hundreds of brands. These are some of the best known: Frito-Lay Brands, Pepsi Cola Brands, Gatorade Brands, Tropicana Brand, and Quaker Brands (Official website of Pepsi Co.). (Source: www.pepsico.com) MARKETING ENVIRONMENT: According to Dibb et.al, (2006), the marketing environment consists of the political, legal, regulatory, societal/Green, technological and economic and competitive forces (also known as PESTLE), that surrounds the buyer and the company. Marketing environmental forces are an important element because; they influence the customer by affecting their life style, standard of living, preferences and needs of a product as well as also alter opportunities that the marketer may want to take advantage of. It helps plan how marketing activities should be planned. The company has to keep a close view of the changes taking place in the marketing environment. To study how Pepsi Co, operates in Pakistan, it is an essential to view the macro environment. It consists of the factors and forces that directly affect the microenvironment of a company. MACRO ENVIORNMENT: The macro environment of Pepsi Co. Pakistan is as follows: ECONOMIC: Inflation: Inflation is basically a rise in the price of goods and services. But with respect to Pepsi, there is a very insignificant price change in the product and consumers drink Pepsi habitually so it does not create an impact on the demand of the product. Price Sensitivity: Because of the nature of the products there are some industries in Pakistan that are highly sensitive to the price. The Beverage industry is one of those sensitive industries because of its nature and competition in the market. The competition between the Pepsi ® and Coca Cola plays a very important role in determining the prices of the drinks. A decrease in the price by one competitor forces the other competitor to reduce the prices as well. Pepsi ® offers various discounts and cutting off the prices, time to time, in order to capture the market and give benefits to the people. Taxation: Taxes are imposed by the governments; it is one of the main reasons for an increase in the prices. Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. always tries to retain the prices but sometimes it is essential for them to make an upward change Currently the soft drink industry is under double taxation. The current tax rate is 25% at the retail price. According to Senator Ahmed Ali, Chairman, Senate Standing Committee, after the tax reduction, can not only benefit the companies but also result in a three fold benefit to the country. (Source: www.brecorder.com) TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT: The technological environment, perhaps, is the most dramatic force now shaping our destiny. Technology has a tremendous impact on lifestyles, consumption patterns and our economic well-being. (Kotler, 2003) Although Pakistan is not a very technologically advanced country, it has always remained up to date with technology. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: The political environment includes the laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence the overall running of the company (Kotler, 2003).The uncertain and unstable political environment in Pakistan causes many hindrances to each and every industry likewise the other industries; the beverage industry suffers a lot. Pepsi had also suffered a lot of boycotts for being an international brand. PORTERS FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS: According to Dibb et al, (2006), Michael Porter defined a model for competitive advantage, which consists of five competitive forces. This report will make use of the Porters five forces, to COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: All beverages available in the market are competitors of Pepsi ®, directly or indirectly. These competitors include Coca Cola, RC Cola, Pakola, Double Cola, Amrat cola, Makah Cola. Pepsis direct competitor is Coca-Cola. The non-soft drink competitors are tea, coffee, water, energy drinks, sports drinks, milks, etc which are all consumed on beverage occasions. Pepsi aims to gain a greater share of these occasions. Although Pepsi ® has captured over 70% of the market share in Pakistan (ipbu.co.uk) there is much rivalry between the two cola giants. They have to observe each others strategies for setting prices and executing promotional ideas. Pepsi and Coca-Cola had/have different brands of soda competing with each other: Brand Pepsi Coke Dark Cola PEPSI COCA COLA Diet DIET PEPSI DIET COLA Low calorie PEPSI ONE PEPSI EDGE PEPSI MAX(outside the US) COCA COLA 2 COCA COLA ZERO Lemon Lime Soda SIERRA MIST 7 UP(outside the US) SPRITE Cherry Soda WILD CHERRY PEPSI CHERRY COKE Orange juice TROPICANA MINUTE MAID Iced Tea BRISK NESTEA Root Beer MUG BARQS Sports Drink GATORADE POWERADE Citrus Soda MOUNTAIN DEW Mello Yello Surge Vault Vanilla-Flavored Pepsi Vanilla Vanilla Coke Lime-Flavored Pepsi Lime Coca-Cola with Lime (Source: website of Wikipedia for cola wars) STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF COCA-COLA: STRENGTH WEAKNESS Operating System Low market share Financial Strength Less Promotion Weaker Distribution Network (Please refer Appendices 1(a) for the explanation on the Strengths and weaknesses of Coca Cola COMPANY ANALYSIS: In Pakistan PEPSI Co. is operated under Pakistan Beverage Ltd, which is a major player in the beverage industry. It has been the market leader since 1988; still there is a healthy competition between these two major players, Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Over all, Pepsi Co holds a share of over 70% in the industry and the beverage industry of Pakistan has shown an enormous growth of 30% in the year 2006. (Source: www.iptu.co.uk, pepsico.com, brecorder.com) PRODUCTS OFFERS BY PAKISTAN BEVERAGE Ltd. Flavor Brand Color Cola Pepsi ® Orange Marinda Lime 7 Up Mango Slice Lime Mountain Dew Lemon Teem SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT analysis is a framework, for generating alternatives. It refers to strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors whereas, opportunities and threats and external. (Dibb et al. 2006) The SWOT analysis of PEPSI is as follows: SWOT ANALYSIS OF PEPSI: STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT Intensive Distribution Network Lacks Worldwide Acceptance Natural Environment Brand Image Sweeter Taste Operating System Population Financial Backup Promotion Financial Assistance Diversification Awareness Target Market Food division should expand internationally Social, cultural, economic, political and governmental constrains Quality Standard Target health conscious customer base National Image Focus on most important customer trend- Convenience (Please refer Appendix 1(b) for an explanation of the points mentioned above). TOWS MATRIX: TOWS matrix makes use of the SWOT analysis to provide strategic options: STRENGTHS S Intensive Distribution Network Sweeter Taste Promotion Target Market Quality Standard National Image WEAKNESSES W Lacks Worldwide Acceptance Operating System Financial Assistance OPORTUNITIES O Natural Environment Population Diversification Food division should expand internationally Target health conscious customer base Focus on most important customer trend- Convenience SO Strategies Intensive distribution network to reach a wider population Expand into healthier products by its quality standards Target health conscious customers through its promotion and new product launches as it has a national image WO Strategies: Gain advantage through expanding into food based products as it has a name for that THREATS T Brand Image Financial Backup Awareness Social, cultural, economic, political and governmental constrains ST Strategies It has a strong national image to overcome the brand image. It can improve on quality to overcome issues such as pesticides in Pepsi Make use of the national image to overcome, social, economic pressures WT Strategies Slowly build up its image in different countries and avoid unnecessary businesses Give financial backup, to franchises in other countries Should be responsive to the needs of customers around the world rather than just the western market STRATEGIC OPTIONS AND EVALUATION: After analyzing, the TOWS matrix, we can evaluate strategic options for PEPSI as mentioned below: OPTION 1: MAKE USE OF THE STRONG DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TO EXPAND IN THE UNREACHED MARKETS OPTION 2: PEPSIS NATIONAL IMAGE IS VERY STRONG; IT CAN ALSO EXPAND INTO HEALTHIER PRODUCTS AND TARGET HEALTH CONCIOUS CUSTOMERS. OPTION 3: EMPHASIE ON PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES MORE, SUCH AS, QUALITY THAN THE BRAND IMAGE OPTION 4: DIVERFIY INTO OTHER PRODUCTS SUCH AS FOOD AS ALREADY LAUNCHED IN OTHER COUNTRIES AS IT HAS A STRONG PROMOTION BASE OPTION 5: ADOPT SCHOOLS OR CHARIBLE INSTITUTIONS TO MAKE A FAIR IMAGE OF THE BRAND IN PAKISTAN DUE TO BRAND ISSUES OPTION 6: LAUNCH NEW FLAVOURS OF PEPSI, SUCH AS DECAFFINATED DRINKS. OPTION 7: MAINTAIN THE CURRENT POSITION MARKETING STRATEGY AUDIT: According to Dibb et al. (2006) Marketing strategy articulates the best way for a company to use its business resources and tactics to achieve its marketing objectives. It consists of the specific strategies for the target markets and positioning, the marketing mix and marketing expenditure levels. In marketing strategic audit, a company defines its mission statement and marketing objectives and analyzes whether the marketing strategy responds to the threats and opportunities in achieving those goals. BUSINESS MISSION: In the first step of the strategic planning, the company defines its mission statement. A mission statement drives the goals that are to be attained. It also defines the core area of activity of the company as well as, gives everyone a clear view of what the company wants to achieve. (Dibb et al. 2006) Following is the mission statement of Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. and the analysis of its strength and weaknesses. Pepsi ® Cos overall mission is to increase the value of our shareholders investment. We do this through sales growth, cost controls and wise investment of resources. We believe our commercial success depends upon offering quality and value to our consumers and customers, providing products that are safe, wholesome, economically efficient and environmentally sound, and providing a fair return to our investors while adhering to the highest standards of quality. (Source: www.evablue.com) The mission statement of Pepsi ® Cola International is no doubt a customer and environment oriented mission statement. It identifies the objective of the business that is to increase the profit through customer satisfaction by not compromising on the quality of the product. (Please refer Appendix 3(a) for the strengths and weaknesses of the mission statement) MARKETING OBJECTIVES: The mission of the company leads to a hierarchy of objectives, including the business objectives and marketing objectives. Marketing strategies must be developed in order to support those marketing objectives. The marketing objectives of the company should be clear and specific. (Dibb et al, 2006 and Kotler, 2002). The following are the marketing objectives of Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. To have the sales figure that is better than the last year The awareness of the product Availability of product to all segment of the consumers (Please refer Appendices 2(b) for an explanation of the points mentioned above.) MARKETING STRATEGY: Strategies direct the opportunities to follow, it leads to the target market that should be captures, the basis for competing and differential or competitive advantage to attain for the desired product. (Dibb et al. 2006) The marketing strategy of Pakistan Beverages Pvt. Ltd. is, To provide the customer the best beverage of the country To create awareness among the customers about the best soft drink available in the country. To give the product, a substantial support to capture its place in the market. (Please refer Appendix 2(c) for the explanation of the points mentioned above) STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGIC FOCUS: After reviewing the overall corporate vision, mission statement, corporate goals and the SWOT analysis, ANSOFF matrix, provides an overall direction of the firm and it helps in the decision making process. (Dibb et al. 2006) ANSOFFS COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES Fig: 1.1 Ansoffs competitive strategies (source: Kotler, 2002, pg 100) According to the Ansoffs matrix, a company may choose one or more competitive strategies to assist strategies objectives. The three growth patterns defined are, intense growth for existing products, diversified growth for new products and new markets and integrated growth for the growth of the company. (Kotler, 2003; Dibb et al. 2006) Currently Pepsi Co. Pakistan is following Intense Growth Strategy through market penetration. MARKET PENETRATION: Market penetration is a strategy for increasing sales for existing products in the existing market. (Dibb et al. 2006) Pepsi try to achieve increased market share through aggressive advertising. Pepsi also sponsors a lot of sports activities and get into promotional offers and deals with different restaurants and educational institutions THE DIFFERENTIATED MARKETING STRATEGY: Selective Strategy: Selective strategy is also known as differential strategy. The product itself may or may not be different as in many cases only the promotional message and distribution channels vary. (Source: www.netmba.com) The Company is very much selective in all of its effort because any slightest change can affect the company. PBL not always uses the same routine for the overall promotion of PEPSI. Since this company has to compete well and one of the business mission of Pakistan Beverages LTD is to become the number one in the Pakistani market, thats why they dont want to give any place to its competitor untouched to attack on the company brand. Cue Strategy: Having so many competitors in the market, especially Coca Cola, Pepsi ® is facing difficulties in differentiating this product. Now the company is using the Cue strategy so as to perceive the customer, that this is the only brand in the market. Pepsi is made available everywhere through intensive distribution. To do this, Pepsi provides stands and refrigerators to the retailers so that PEPSI is made visible at once. MARKET SEGMENTATION: According to (Dibb et al. 2006) market segmentation is a process where heterogeneity can be grouped into smaller homogenous groups. Pepsis market is segmented into two distinct groups: Distribution. Consumer. Distribution With regards to sale, there are three distinguished areas where Pepsi ® is distributed: Open market place, small shops and kiosks. Institutional sales (hotel, club, restaurants etc.) Educational institutes (school, colleges, universities etc.) Consumers As far as consumers are concerned, undifferentiated marketing is practiced. Company doesnt want to confine Pepsi ® to any particular segment. However, their advertising campaigns depict that Pepsi ® is targeted more towards teenagers TARGETING: According to Dibb et al. 20066, targeting involves, decision required to cater a specific segment. TARGET MARKET STRATEGY: A company must keep in mind its capabilities and resources before following a specific targeting strategy. (Dibb et al. 2006). Undifferentiated Strategy: Undifferentiated strategy is, when a company designs, one market segment to cater the entire target market. (Dibb et al.2006). Although, Pepsi uses an undifferentiated Strategy, yet the main focus of Pepsi ® seems towards youngsters under the age bracket of twenties. This generation is called Generation X and constitutes a larger portion of the population. As a result all promotional schemes are targeted towards them. MARKETING PROGRAMMES: To make the marketing strategy a reality, it is very important to make an appropriate marketing mix (Kotler, 2003; Dibb et al. 2002). MARKETING MIX: Marketing Mix comprises of the 4 Ps as mentioned below: Product Price Place/distribution Promotion These are the very essential parts, which determine the success of any corporation. Among these Product, Place, and Promotion are in the hands of the company but sometimes price may or may not be set by the company as in the case of competitive-based pricing, depends upon competitor price and the market mechanism. (Kotlet, 2003; Dibb et al. 2006). In the case of the Pepsi ®, company sets great stress on these elements, which will be discussed briefly, THE PRODUCT VARIABLE: Product variable involves, creating a product keeping customers wants and need in view. (Dibb et al.2006). Pepsi ® A Consumer Product Pepsi ® is a consumer product. People buy Pepsi ® for the personal consumption. So the attributes of people affect this product very much. Peoples liking and disliking, people views about themselves, their views about the product, product positioning in the peoples mind, their taste, preferences, habits, income are some factors, which affect the sale of the Pepsi ®. Category __ Convenience Product Pepsi ® falls in a category of convenience product because of Low price Widespread distribution, convenient locations. Mass promotion by the producer. Product Attributes Quality: Normally consumer category products are very quality sensitive. Pepsi ® is a drink for refreshment and thirst quenching, therefore; the company must focus on the quality level. PRICE VARIABLE: According to Dibb et al. (2006) Price is very a sensitive issue in the case of every product. It is also a major threat in the competitive market. Sales figures are unusually affected if the pricing for the product is not set according the considerations. It is a common experience that Low-Price strategy is normally used to gain a high market share. This strategy is especially useful for the case of new product. (Kotler, 2003) Also High-Price strategy is also set for the purpose to perceive the customer, a product of high value. (Kotler, 2003) Based on the above assumption, we can say that prices affect the people perception about the product. People perception is very important in the purchase decision. Customer buys the product about which they perceived that it is the better product. Event-Based Pricing Pakistan Beverages Pvt. LTD also makes use of the special events in Pakistan. One of the most important events in the Pakistan is RAMADAN. The price of Pepsi in the season of Ramadan in normally less as compared to other seasons. But this special price is normally on the 1 and 1-1/2 liter bottles not on the 250ml. Pricing Strategies: Different pricing strategies exist for different marketing purposes. So marketing objectives plays a significant role in the determination of pricing strategy. Market-Penetration Strategy: Every firm can easily gain a large market share if it provides the better value that justifies the cost of the value. Pepsis pricing strategy is based on the marketing penetration strategy in order to become a market leader in the beverage industry. Positioning Strategy and the Price: It is a general practice that product price is set according to the product positioning. Product positioning gives an imagery of the product i.e. whether the product is luxurious or the convenience product. (Kotler, 2003) Pepsi ® is positioned as a consumer (convenience) product and people buy this product frequently with little involvement, comparison. Pepsi ® is positioned as a drink for thirst quenching and refreshment. So it cannot charge a high price for the product because several substitutes exist in the market. PLACE/DISTRIBUTION: Place Utility Concept: The product must be available at a convenient place for the customers ease (Dibb et al. 2006). One of the most important Concepts is the place utility. One of among several reasons to get a big market share in the Karachi market is the mass distribution by the company. It has been observed that people value the availability of the product. Thus the company follows an Intensive distribution strategy to make the product available everywhere. Distribution Strategy: Pakistan Beverages LTD has a very strong strategy for the distribution of the product. Company knows the importance of the distribution network in this competitive environment. Thats why a proper distribution network is working under the control of Pakistan Beverages Ltd. Intensive Distribution: Intensive distribution is to make the product available at all possible locations (Dibb et al. 2006). Company believes in the Intensive distribution of the product. What makes the Pepsi ® to adopt this strategy is the nature and category of the product because this product is consumed with little or no involvement so one of the great factors which affect the sales of this product is the availability of this product. PROMOTION: Promotion activities refer to the communication activities used to inform consumer about the product (Kotler, 2003). Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy: Pepsi ® is convenience product and it falls under a category of habitual buying behavior. There are many substitutes of Pepsi ® in the market. People buy this product with little involvement. So this kind of products usually requires a well-established promotion strategy. Pepsi ® is also involved in the heavy promotion of this product. So in order to make its promotion and communication more effective, it uses the integrated marketing communication strategy. Promotion Mix: Pepsi ® uses different promotion tool for the promotion of this product. The selection of the tool depends on the nature of the type of promotion Product Life-Cycle Stage: A companys strategies change according to the product life cycle stage. (Kotler, 2003) Promotions for the products in different stages require different promotion strategy. The product, which is in the introduction strategy, requires heavy promotion strategy to create awareness about the product. In the same way, products in the different stages require some other strategy. Since Pepsi is in the middle of the Growth and Maturity stage, the company uses a Push strategy. . Figure: 1.2 (source: Kotler, 2003 pg, 328) Push Strategy: A push strategy refers to, making use of the companys sales force and promotional activities to create consumer demand. (www.tutor2u.net) Company uses a push-strategy for its product Pepsi ®. Company builds-up the consumer demand by different means i.e. by advertising, sales promotion and consumer promotion, so that the product can be easily pushed through its channels and outlets. In promotion, Pepsi ® focuses on two areas, Sports Music In sports, Pepsi ® gives adequate coverage to cricket, which is the most watched sport in Pakistan and Music, by making Leading Cricketers such as Wasim Akram and Shahid Afridi endorse for the product and as well as Pop singers such as Hadiqa Kiyani promoting Pepsi. Tools of Promotion Another major decision is to determine which tool for the promotion is to use. Some of the tools for the promotion are given below. Advertising: This tool is quite successful for the past few years. Company uses this tool to promote its product among its customer. Advertising Objectives Persuasion: The main primary objective of the advertising of the Pepsi ® is to persuade the consumer to buy this brand. Pepsi ® advertises through the following media: Magazines and newspapers. Radio and television. Outdoor displays (Posters, billboards, signs and skywriting). Pepsi ® conducts advertising to achieve the following benefits: Long-term build up of the Pepsis image Institutional advertising. Long-term build of the brand name, Pepsi ® Brand advertising. Information dissemination about a particular sale (price reduction) or event (new promotional scheme) Classified advertising. (Kotler, 2003) (Please refer APPENDIX 3(A) for brand image and brand identity) RECOMMENDATIONS AND CHOSEN MARKETING STRATEGY: Pepsi is the leading soft-drink brand of Pakistan. Currently all the efforts done by the company, are keeping Pepsi as a market leader however, the company should adopt the following in order to maintain its share and to remain aggressive in the market. ANSOFFS MATRIX: INTENSIVE STRATEGY: The company has already adopted the strategy of Market Penetration through, advertising and pricing however, there is a very little development of Pepsi in the other two strategies: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: It is a strategy to increase sales by either developing new products or by making an extension of the current product. (Dibb et al. 2006) Although Pepsi has been in Pakistan from a long time, it has done very little in order to launch new products as already launched in other countries. Pepsi should think about extending the current line of Pepsi to the decaffeinated Pepsi as well as brining other flavors of Pepsi in Pakistan. Expand into Healthier Products: Many consumers are seeking to lead a healthier lifestyle, reducing fat and sugar in their diets. It should, launch Tropicana and energy drink products in Pakistan. Because of the increase in the consumer health awareness, the rise in sales for these markets has steadily grown over recent years. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: Product development is a strategy to improve sales by introducing current products in new markets. (Dibb et al. 2006). PEPSI is right now, catering most urban and some rural areas. Pepsi should reach the old age people and rural places like those in Balochistan and NWFP which remains uncatered. MARKETING MIX: Although the marketing mix of Pepsi is very good, the alternatives and recommendations mentioned above can go with the same marketing mix but, however, it should i