Essay --

monoamine oxidase Zedong was born December 26, 1893 and lived until September 9 in 1976 when he died in Beijing China. monoamine oxidase Zedong died from the Motor neuron disease. Mao Zedong was born into a peasant family in the place Shoshanna near Hunan. During the years of 1928 throughout 1931. Mao Zedong and others that worked with Mao Zedong established armies in the hinterlands and created the Red Army which was cognize as the most feared army in china during the time of the revolution.During the Cultural Revolution Mao Zedong , people also knew him as Mao Zedong Tse tung was the Chinese ruler. He ruled the country during this time known as Chairman of the Communist Party of China. Moa was very well educated in Western and Chinese traditions. During the year 1918 Mao Zedong had a job as a librarian assistant at Peking University. He would call himself a Marxist in the of 1920 and he helped found the current Chinese Communist party Communist formed an alliance during 1923 with a man called Sun Ya sen and his Nationalist party. After that Mao Zedong quit the current job he had as a teacher to become a poli...

Revolutionary War Heroes :: essays papers

Revolutionary War HeroesThere were many great men in the previous(prenominal) who have contributed greatly to the growthprosperity and independence to this country. These historical figures include such men asBenjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. These men served their country asrevolutionary war leaders and helped American to become the free and just country it istoday. Benjamin Franklin, born January 17, 1706, was the 10th son, and 15th child, of 17children in the Josiah Franklin family. Josiah was a soap and candlemaker, who lived inBoston, Massachusetts with his second wife, Abiah Folger. Although Franklin learned toread at an early age, he only attended grammar school for two years. By the succession he was10 years old, Franklin was working for his father. However, he didnt enjoy thecandlemaking profession, and two years later, Franklin was apprenticed to his brotherJames, a printer. For five years, Franklin sought to maitre d the printers trade. During this time, healso st rove to improve his education. Franklin read numerous classic novels and perfectedhis writing style. One night, Franklin slipped a letter, signed Silence Dogood, under the door of his brothers newspaper, the innovative England Courant. That letter and the next 13written by Franklin were published anonymously. The essays were widely read andacclaimed for their satire. In 1723, at age 17, Franklin left for Philadelphia. He got employed at a effectjob in London, learning many important skills. He came back to Pennsylvania and had by1730 become owner of a printing business. This is where Franklin published his firstofficial literary work, The Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1731, Franklin founded what is considered the first common library. During thenext several years, Franklin was responsible for establishing the first fire department, a practice of law force, and the Academy of Philadelphia, which became the University ofPennsylvania.In 1732, Franklin began compiling and publishing the annual Poor RichardsAlmanac. With its homely virtues, it attracted a large amount of people interested in hiswork and make Franklins name a household word. Franklin had gotten involved in politics and represented Pennsylvania at theAlbany Congress in 1754, called in response to the cut and Indian Wars. In 1757,Franklin was sent to England to petition the king for the right to levy taxes. He remained in England for the next five years, and in that time he obtained authorization forPennsylvania to tax the estates of its proprietors, successfully repealed the Stamp Act, and represented the voice of several colonies. He befriended powerful British political leaders and wrote political satires and pamphlets on public affairs, helping keep the colonies informed on foreign affairs.

Electronic Self-checkout System Essay -- Technology, Cashier Checkout

A number of empirical studies tolerate concluded that a customers attribution of the cause of a hold water signifi dismisstly affects its emotional consequences (see Taylor, 1994 Tom and Lucey, 1995). According to these investigations, customers are more unsatisfied with longer than expected waits caused by difficulties that the store could have remedied (e.g. inefficient checkout personnel, understaffing, failure to allow express checkouts) than with delays due to external factors such as random variations in store crowding, till breakdowns, the time of day (some periods are inevitably busier than others) or the charge of customers with large amounts of shopping. This was particularly true if little effort on the part of the service provider was needed to improve the situation and/or the problem creating the delay was a regular occurrence. It appeared, therefore, that the reasons for a long queue were major determinants of customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction, not just the delays duration. The Psychology of have QueuesCombining queues have proven not to be a good technique for managing queues in grocery stores and supermarkets. Studies have shown that even though combining queues have been successful in some service organizations, these techniques have proven to have negative results in grocery stores. Among the factors that cause delays of customers who are in line at the checkout counter in grocery stores is managements attempt to combine queues. Contrary to common calculations, there are reasons for believing that combining queues, especially queues of customers in checkout lines in grocery stores, may at times be counterproductive. Rothkopf and Rech (1987) in their seminar had one participant citing the practice of combini... ...e service more worthy and were willing to pay much more for it when they found out there were more people behind the positions that were held for them. There exists a universal human design to learn about ones self th rough comparison with others (Gilbert, Price and Allan, 1995). Customers in checkout lines tend to compare their position in line with those of other customers. However, perceive people behind is somewhat a comfort since there are people worse off than me, therefore making the experience less painful. The take aim outlined three sets of factors (queue factors, personal factors, and situational factors) that might shape the extent of social comparisons, each of which is tested.Hkust and Hkust (2002) expressed that limited research studies have been conducted to determine how service waits can be controlled. To control the time customers wait in line,

The Great Gatsby Essay -- Literary Analysis, F. Scott Fitzgerald

In the 1920s the values and morals of the majority of America were changing from very standpat(prenominal) to passing liberal. People became more interested in what benefited them most, while disregarding what the cost would be. This is what essentially gave this era the title of The Roaring Twenties. The total tumult of people changing from having a great set of morals and values to be mishandle and materialistic entirely reshaped the start of this era. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses snick Carr forward to show the worldly view of what good values and morals should be against the skewed values of Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby.Nick Carraway is portrayed by Fitzgerald as a small town guy from the Middle West that, while purpose-driven, isnt focused as much on being wealthy as being successful. This is very evident when Nicks new house is introduced. He describes it by saying, My house was an eye-sore, but it was a small eye-sore and had been overlooked so I had a vi ew of the water, a partial view of my neighbors lawn and the consoling proximity of millionaires all for eighty dollars a month (Fitzgerald 9-10).Nick knows he does not have the biggest and best house on the block, and he doesnt really care. He takes pride in the fact that he is making away for himself and getting to live in a first class neighborhood. Harold Bloom supports this when he says, Compared to Jay Gatsby and Tom Buchanan, Nick has modest means and modest desires (1). These quotes both cover up the fact that Nick is not a money-craving American. He is content with where he is in his life. Nick was also taught to be non-judgmental and to use his mind to succeed. The readers design this when Nick repeats fathers is advise when he is younger an... ...ay the wide difference between good and right morals and values of the 1920s and corrupt and superficial morals and values of that era. The Roaring Twenties was becoming full of people that are focused solely on satisfying the ir own wants and desires, or else of what would propel them further in life. The world had just gotten out of a war and was enjoying every minute of its life. It was a total change from people who had been extremely conservative, always living life by the book, to a whole new generation of liberals who would change the way Americans lived their life. Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby is a great recitation of the diversity of values at that time. He made sure to include every criteria, from old money to new money, humbleness and pride, and true delight versus love for money, these are all aspects that help to form a persons morals and values.

John Winston Lennon :: Essays Papers

whoremonger Winston LennonYou make your own dream. Thats the Beatles story, isnt it? Thats Yokos story. Thats what Im saying now. Produce your own dream. If you want to save Peru, go save Peru. Its quite possible to do anything, but not to put it on the leaders and the parking meters. Dont expect Jimmy Carter or Ronald Reagan or John Lennon or Yoko Ono or Bob Dylan or saviour Christ to come and do it for you. You have to do it yourself. Thats what the great masters and mistresses have been saying ever since time began. They can point the way, leave signposts and itsy-bitsy instructions in various books that are now called holy and worshipped for the cover of the book and not for what it says, but the instructions are all thither for all to see, have always been and always will be. Theres nothing new under the sun. All the roads lead to Rome. And people cannot provide it for you. I cant heat you up. You can wake you up. I cant cure you. You can cure you. JohnJohn Le nnon was known best for his music, but in addition to that he was a philosopher, artist, visionary, social leader and most importantly a common man with a dream.John Lennon was born October 9th, 1940 in the town of Liverpool, England. His father abandoned him at the age of two. Three years later he was also abandoned by his mother. He was raised primarily by a woman John affectionately called, Aunt Mimi. Later in his life, John reestablished a relationship with his mother only to lose her again when she was killed by a drunk off-duty constabulary officer. As a teen, John formed a band called the Quarry Men with boys from his High School. After a performance, one of the members, brought his friend Paul McCarthy to wager John. After hearing Paul play he immediately asked him to join his band. Later Paul brought George Martin into the group and soon the band that would later take the public by storm, was born. One of the so called 5th Beatles the best friend of John, Stu art Sutcliffe, left art school, at Johns urging and joined the band.

E-Commerce :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

E-CommerceE-commerce is rapidly becoming an excellent way to do business. It incorporates elements which are similar to those of reparation commerce. The hype surrounding this new way of doing business is constantly increasing for m whatever reasons. There are some barriers to e-commerce, but the benefits seem to far exceed the risks.There are galore(postnominal) elements necessary to e-commerce. First of all, you must have a result. It is also necessary to have a place. The web sit displays the product and acts as the place. There must be a way to get people to view your web site. You can market your site both on and off the web. There should also be a method of accepting orders such as and on-line form. A secure ordering page and a connection to a bank are necessary for accepting payment. It is also necessary to have a fulfillment facility to ship products to customers. However, if you are still selling software or information, fulfillment can occur with a file dow nload mechanism. It is also important to be able to accept returns and lot warrantee claims if necessary. There should also be a method of offering customer service through e-mail, on-line forms, on-line knowledge bases, or any other on-line mechanism. Many of these elements are necessary to perform commerce, but the specifications around e-commerce are noteworthy.There is a lot of hype surrounding e-commerce. On the retail side alone, Forrester projects $17 billion in sales to consumers over the Internet by the year 2001. According to OReilly and Associates, Worldwide business access to the web is expected to grow at an even faster rate than the US market from 1.3 million in 1996 to 8 billion by 2001. It is also document that, Dell currently sells about $14 million in equipment everyday, 25% of which is over the Web. The hype concerning e-commerce is justified by many of its aspects.There are many reasons why e-commerce continues to grow at an exceeding rate. E-commerce has lower transaction costs by using automating processes. It is also documented that consumers participating in e-commerce have large purchases per transaction. A web site that is well-integrated into the business cycle can offer customers more information than previously available. A company can build a catalog on the web exceeding what would be impractical for ordinary mail order businesses.

What Kind of a Learner I Am

d unrivalledout life everyone learns. How we learn and whether we are able to accommodate and recall that information is the problematic part. The way we absorb, analyze, and retain information is what makes each individual unique. What is successful for one individual may not be the almost optimal way of learning for someone else. Therefore, everybody has a preferred learning style. Knowing and understanding our learning style helps us to learn more effectively. Through identifying our learning style, we will be able to capitalize on our strengths and improve our self-advocacy skills. For example, I am visual type of a learner.For me it is better to read something to take it and then it is easier for me to recall that information. I think this method is helping me a lot through my life because such a way I displace use my advantage everywhere where it is possible. As concerns studying, I can pertain myself to 3 types instrumental, achievement-oriented, and intrinsic. I am stud ying because it is interesting, but at the same time I want that my efforts were appreciated with a help of good grades and by getting a good job. One of the basic skills for success in the cognition society is the ability to learn.With increasingly rapid changes in the work place, people must learn to learn in order that they can maintain their complete and continued participation in a society. In conclusion, I can say that we all have elements of each learning style. But the truth is that one or two types stand out in each of us. Having determined which style of learner you are, and figure out ways to incorporate that learning style into your studying process. I will continue to encourage myself to figure out alternative styles, and try to bring each type into my life.

Role of Media

Electronic Media atomic number 18 those communication mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and ab egress often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming net content . It de nones, the main means of communicating with large number of great deal, especi anyy television, radio, internet and satellite. The electronic media take for four basic functions to inform, entertain, educate and charm the public opinion.The 20th carbon can buoy be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of mass communication grew in succession as the century unfolded. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the arena in 1940s, followed by electrify television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the pers onal computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks by dint of ball Wide Web by the 1990s. Types of electronic media radio. In Pakistan like other developing countries, radio is the study source of study and entertainment due to its make up to the far flung areas and being relatively sparingal. Broadcasts carry intelligence operation, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing attraction in the public. Television. TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has kick the bucket the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. data, education, influence and entertainment. Internet.Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic shift in the dynamics and profile of the global in geological formation sector. The medium also provides instant access to the largest data bases and archives of information around the world. 1. 6 The media and the ground realities The approximately vituperative obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the features. There are certain realities and electronic medias mindset and peculiarities, which to some consummation are universal.The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary motive remains to earn money and not harmonize the lodge. collect able-bodied to intense competition in the field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive to be Exclusive and First. The electronic media often looks for contr everyplacesy, sensationalism and negatively charged nakeds to make headlines. In some cases the electronic media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for confederacy using its own standards.The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news p oor, unreliable and un-imaginative presentation of events and stories, ultimately losing the confidence of general public. Introduction of planet TV, Cable and Private Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of people. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through State controlled TV only.The enjoinmental policies regarding electronic media took a different direction, to regulate this sector. 1. 7Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators. This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the quest goals in mind i)Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment. i)Enlarge the choice ava ilable to the people of Pakistan in the media for news, actual affairs, religious knowledge, art, kitchen-gardening, science, technology, economic development, neighborly sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and matter interest. iii)Facilitate the devolution of certificate of indebtedness and power to the pasture roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level. iv)Ensure accountability, transparency and good government by optimization of the free flow of information. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION . 1What is guinea pig Integration? The concept of National Integration is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential spirit of the concept include, The creation of a National Political System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures , and the creation of a Common national consciousness, a common national con sensus and a common national identity . These two definitions appear adequate for working purposes as they underline both the political as well as the socio-cultural ingredients of the process of integration.National coherency refers to the bonds or glue that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The roughly obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneity of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive whole. The extent of the threat posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, races, religions etc. , depends on a variety of factors exclusively there are fundamentally two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present before a land may be deemed to be faced with a enigma of national disunity. The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces challenges but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a u nity-in-diversity and there is an ever-growing need to develop a harmonious society. The eternal sleep sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the past half century has both cost and benefits. Pakistani society has split into class-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other instead fissures of institutional lag run through them.Its cohesiveness has assumption path to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and moral consensus. 2. 2Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan Integration or cohesion is an ideal, it is not a thing but a process. It is dynamism ruled by an inner necessity, being guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction . National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization.A cohesive society is mutually supportive community of free in dividuals, move these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan because of many impeding factors, which originate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex termination of interaction between the country forces and stresses and influences of global scenario. The socio-political factors and socio-economic factors as listed on a lower floor support contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2. Socio-Political Factors Intolerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a hierarchical structure and social barriers, further and enforced by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of religion and language is one major source of fractionalization. Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval. In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan study been under major internal transformation and intense international scrutiny.Ethnic and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two decades has sharply polarized the society. Various Islamic religious groups stuff violently for power. Religious faith, usually a matter of personal redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a stunning lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. perfect Crisis. The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious have it off among the federating units since long.The delayed process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only document to govern the state is a serious threat to national cohesion and integration. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan. Identity crisis prevailing with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of democracy in essence and in dispensation at National level.There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, particularly in matte relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, much(prenominal) provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. Sectarian Intolerance. The division of society on the basis of sects, tribes, colour and creed gives climb on to intolerance towards other sects. The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over emphasis on religious dentities due to that Pakistani society is facing continuous challenge of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political system rare ly delivers to the felicity of voters. Various derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and national interests and efforts for achievement of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests. The political parties lack democratic norms in their rank and file.Leadership Style and Direction. The political leadership as a whole has failed to satisfy the masses. The trust deficit between the leadership and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are notwithstanding a symbol of false pride without much regard for vision and arbitrator. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have increased the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests. Challenges to the Writ of the Government.The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand Division where state infrastructure of governance has been uprooted, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have evermore been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society. These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam.Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of true believers with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to dis receive enough Street power to disrupt civil life. Since the war of independence in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department. As a result they hav e flourished and proliferated under the exhilarating notion of jihad.The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the unusual terrain that facilitates craft and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all practical and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes coquetteed a vital map in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan. War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges.The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistans load with West for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and drone attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter of concern, peop le are not free to express their desire to govern. In much(prenominal) circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. National and regional culture has, at various times, twine and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy. The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistans social change. Role of Madrassa.There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio Economic Factors Socio Economic disparities. The poverty and inflation has cause d disparities in the society. The people biography below the poverty line have increased in number. The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely preserveed the quality of life. Bad Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted concepts of transparency and accountability are shoddy in Pakistani experience.The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful. The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of Human Rights. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the irony remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestowed by the constitution. The perception of women as having a lower consideration at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the laws of the land. Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all job the unique concomitant of women in Pakistan. Personal Security Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies. Loyalty towards State /individualistic behaviour.The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, peoples expectation of jurist and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined. The individualism has replaced collectivism the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused variance on the basis of caste and class Justic e and Rule of law. The justice is uncertain the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is linked with status and position of the seeker.The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law breaking is considered as a pride for the powerful. Due to delayed justice people have lost hope in the system to get justice. Violence against Women and minoritiesMany Analysts are in agreement that womens poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and tradition and here- say, this victimization is devoid of any ideological, religious and legal and Constitutional basis.The religious minorities are threatened and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security. Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focused and prompt pub lic delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. In Pakistani society, the udiciary plays a pivotal role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution. ?SECTION-3 ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN 3. 1Electronic medias impact on Pakistani society In Pakistan the electronic media is providing information at a very large scale. It is being recognized as contributing significantly in important national issues. It has a role in accountability process . The Ptv is pursuing an agenda of social responsibility there are two main challenges of sustainability of democracy and good governance face by the country.In such a scenario, role of media is to facilitate the democracy. The social impact o f communication and media has seeped deep into social and cultural institutions, paradoxically reviving traditions as well as introducing new practices. Like other processes, communication and information media are bound up with other socio- economic forces, thus making them a strong current of social change. The electronic media has created markets resulting in the employment of greater work force in gathering, processing and disseminating information.The electronic media have a vital role to play in the present day world in Pakistan. The independent electronic media can demonstrate better performance to provide good quality information with its wider reach. Private channels highlight causes of mis- governance and bring them to the attention of those who are responsible. They can raise public awareness about what the public itself should also do to ensure good governance whether it is correct payment of taxes and bills or issues such as tax avoidance. Such practices should be disc ouraged and the media has a duty to contain from other countries how this is being done.Private sector media have an enormous educative and mobilizing role to play when it comes to what society do and certainly with respect to highlighting the social responsibility of the media and the citizens. How does Pakistani society hold together despite its ethnic divisions, segmented classes, and fragmented institutions? What are the processes that maintain its social cohesion? This two-part question raises a critical issue about some semblance of functional equilibrium of society. The electronic media role ive new direction to social behaviour, by changing the boundaries of social situations, electronic media do not simply give us quicker or more thorough access to events and behaviours. They give us instead, new events and new behaviour. by-line are some of the roles, both Negative and irresponsible being played by electronic media in Pakistan. 3. 2Positive impact of electronic media The electronic media direct social change and values. The electronic media may be successful in stimulating the change in the tightly held ideas and rigid attitudes to bring coveted change.The media can give direction to social change, and positively guide the society towards the desired goals. The electronic media and Policy Dialogue. The electronic media can greatly facilitate this crop and help the people and government to discuss the issues concerning society, to fulfil their desires and achieve their respective objectives. In Pakistan, the people frequently need to be taken into confidence for the existence of new policies and initiatives. The objective discussion on political and policy issues media can generate support of people for policies of the government..Social problems and media. The social problems of our society revolve around ignorance, traditionalism and backwardness. The Pakistani society is in transition, social and ethnic issues have become hard, it happens in many societies, but need to be averted in tolerance. It is an established fact that blaming circumstances, whether disorders or external factors, for what is happening for Pakistan is not going to do any good for Pakistans survival as a dignified an honourable nation. The electronic media can partly address the challenge of societal transformation.The effect of media on national issues. The electronic media has also been highlighting financial irregularities, corrupt practices and inefficiencies of the government functionaries and negative fallouts on the society of the acts of the extremist elements to adopt an appropriate strategy for their eradication. The media have a measurable effect on public affairs. In the matter of local, national, economic and social issues, they help to create an informed citizenry by clarifying the complex matters of public affairs which exist at the local and national levels.The formation of public opinion towards the civic problems is generated. A s such the media give the public a better understanding of these issues with which it must deal and influence those who have to collapse these issues. Electronic media communication and information Identification of social problems has always been a difficult job as they fall into a grey area and hence hard to be known. Advances in communication and information dissemination, such as television, videos, Internet, and CDs, have increased the circulation of ideas, symbols, and images across national and regional borders.People have access to new sources of news, facts, and entertainment. These media help rationalize, redirect, or impede changes that are underway through economic and social development. 3. 3Negative impact of electronic media Objectivity and Electronic Media. The objectiveness of media is becoming increasingly questionable, the coverage of issues of national interest demand care and restraint. The media in Pakistan is devoid of objectivity, and just telecast such incidents that sometime are not factual. The very nature of media is subjective and selective, and therefore suppressive.The general electronic media content do cover non-event-centric aspects of life in Pakistan. There is an imbalanced fixation with events, incidents, accidents and statements. In order to improve their ratings and enhance viewers ship, the tool of sensationalism is used. What is important is to think as to what is being done to own sensibilities and social and moral values. create Desperation amongst Nation. These days no news is good news on Pakistani media. Media has taken away the sense of hope from the masses and has made them over sensitive to their surroundings.Commercialism and Electronic Media. In todays world, there is a cross commercialization of the electronic media. Commercially driven, ultra-powerful media primarily serves their sponsors rather than the public. Pakistani media is following the saying, We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art we have no obligation to make a positive statement, to make money is our only objective. Electronic Media and Talk Shows Generally the talk shows do not meet basic tests of responsible journalism fairness, objectivity, balance and specialisation between fact and speculation.Honest discussion must be ruled by reason, not emotion alone. Most anchors try to impose their own perspective, instead of objectivity. However, unfortunately, this role has moved from delineation to distortion. In essence, distortion is in-built into the very nature of media as it is unable to represent totality of given situation. Therefore, media managers in any ongoing situation in a society should strive to minimize that inherent tendency to distort. Polarisation of the Society.In some instances, the electronic media is accessed by a small segment of society due to vested interests this group projects its identity disproportionately. The media coverage of such groups is likely to cr eate a polarized society. Negative Projection of the Country. All events and happenings in Pakistan are not bad. On the contrary sometime nothing positive is discussed in the electronic media. The projection of crimes and anti- social elements all the time is eroding and diminishing the contours of our true identity across the globe. Pursuance of Foreign Agenda.It is believed that some of Pakistani media has reportedly links with shady foreign characters, are being funded by different foreign elements and their anchors are on their pay rolls and thus are furthering their anti- state agendas. ======================= PREFACE Being participant of 92nd National Management Course at the National Management College of the National give instruction of Public Policy, Lahore, I am assigned the topic of Individual Research Paper titled, Growth and Development of Electronic Media in Pakistan How it can Enhance National Cohesion and Integration? . The growth of electronic media over past few d ecades is very rapid in Pakistan. The media can impact public opinion in a significant manner. In Pakistan the national integration and cohesion, is indeed a serious issue, which needs to be analyzed. The medias extraordinary growth can impact this problem. The media is being considered as a fourth pillar of the state. . In this study a sincere effort has been made in a comprehensive but concise way to analyze the dimensions of fault lines in national cohesion and integration that occurred during the last over 60 years.The role of electronic media to enhance the national cohesion and integration has been analyzed in this study. The same has been analyzed in historical, socio-political, socio-economic, governance and leadership context. From this analysis, a starting point, as I perceive can be made to think various aspects concerning national cohesion and integration. In the end the analysis is concluded and some recommendations have been made. . I am agreeable and deeply indebted to professional guidance extended by Dr.Sikander Hayat, Dean National School of Public Policy, for his encouragement at all stages in carrying out this research and making it possible. I am grateful to Mrs. Rashida Bokhari for her vision and hard work in guiding me on the theme of the paper during the process. She was always critical but professional in her outlook that enabled me to complete this research as per requirements. I am thankful to Prof. Sajjad Naseer and Dr Riffat S. Hussain, for sharing socio political outlook and focused in depth analysis of Pakistani Society. I am also grateful to Ms. Naeema and her team for the assistance extended for library research.

Human fossil findings in Indonesia

Indonesia is an of import state to analyze about human beginnings and ontogenesis, due to many sites within cardinal Java, such as Sangiran and Ngandong which account for 75 per centum of the beingnesss Homo erectus findings ( Frederick & A Worden, 2011 ) . Development of Homo sapiens in Indonesia has shown Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by Homo erectus, which were known as the Java troops , surrounded by 1.5 million over-the-hill ages ago and resent as 35,000 old ages ago. About 800,000 old ages ago, some of the earliest hominids of the archipelago made tools, constructed boats, used fire, and had a linguistic communication ( Fredrick & A Worden, 2011 ) .Furthermore, about 600,000 old ages ago, these hominids have developed a more complex and civilised civilization which was scattering throughout Indonesia ( Fredrick & A Worden, 2011 ) . Patterns of development started to organize through hunting, fishing, and making communities which depended on tools made of stuffs s uch as shell, wood, bamboo, and rock ( Fredrick & A Worden, 2011 ) .The most recent finds in human dodos, were in 2004 on the island of Flores, Indonesia, which is located between Bali and Timor. Flores, Indonesia is one of many W every(prenominal)acean islands, which lie E of Wallace s Line and west of Lydekker s Line.Teams of archaeologists be an wholly new type of hominid species at the Liang Bua digging site, which has since been named Homo floresiensis. This type of hominid has been considered a new hominid type that had locally evolved, was a well subalterner hominid, and was assorted between Homo erectus and modern worlds ( Fredrick & A Worden, 2011 ) .Homo floresiensis was a dwarf homo, which lived at Liang Bua between at least 95,000 and 13,000 old ages ago. The species was believed to hold used rock tools, fire, and track down little animate beings found on Flores ( Foley, 2005 ) . The freshly found remains had a skull that appeared to belong to a hominine species, pe rchance belonging to a kidskin sing its size, but one time the staying parts of its skull and dentitions were found and they concluded it did non belong to a kid, but an grownup. The remains of this hominines partial skeleton was found and, the likes of which had neer been disc all overed before.Today, this specimen is referred to as Liang Bua 1 ( Smithsonian Institution, 2014 ) . The earliest modern worlds coexisted with their hominid relations for 1000s of old ages, although there is no grounds of this at Liang Bua ( Fredrick & A Warden, 2011 ) .Although Indonesia is passing diverse ethnically, with more than 350 distinguishable cultural groups that are recognized, along with 13 linguistic communications spoken by 1 million talkers ( Fredrick & A Warden, 2011 ) . piece in-migration to the islands of Indonesia occurred as long ago as 3000BC, and was uninterrupted for about 3000 old ages. Peoples immigrated to Indonesia in little groups and established independent civilisation s all around the seashore, on occasion coexisting with the hostile posterities of Java Man ( Frederick & A Worden, 2011 ) . In the following several millenary Indonesia developed cultural features that still exist directly such as rice agribusiness, ceramic and metal engineering and the enlargement of long distance seal travel and trade.Earlier dwellers used horticultural economic system in which they grew cereals, created clayware and rock tools during the period 2500 to 500 B.C ( Glasscase, 2011 ) . During the period between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500, as the tidy sum of the archipelago progressively interacted with South and East Asia, metals and domestic farm animate beings were introduced ( Glasscase, 2011 ) . The Dongson civilization, which originated in Vietnam and southern China around 1000 BC, spread to Indonesia, conveying irrigated rice turning techniques, husbandry accomplishments buffalo forfeit rites, tan casting, the usage of raising megaliths, and ikat weaving meth ods. By 700 BC, Indonesia was dotted with lasting small towns where life was linked to rice production ( Alone Planet, 2014 ) .These early colonists were animists, believing all objects had a life force or psyche. The liquors of the dead had to be honored, as they could still assist the life and influence natural events, while evil liquors had to be warded off with offerings and ceremonials. As there was a belief in the hereafter, arms and utensils were left in grave for usage in the following universe.By the starting signal century AD, little lands, were little more than aggregations of small towns with a leader, which evolved from Java ( Lonely Planet, 2014 ) . The islands changeless hot temperature, abundant rainfall and volcanic smirch were ideal for wet field rice cultivation. The organisation this required may explicate why the Javanese developed a apparently more thriving society than the other islands. It is non certain how Hinduism and Buddhism arrived in Indonesia. The oldest plants of Hindu art in Indonesia were found in Sulawesi and Sumatra in 3rdcentury AD ( Fredrick & A Worden, 1992 ) . One theory suggests that the development tribunals invited Brahman priests from India to watch over on religious and ritual forfeits, thereby supplying position to those in control ( Fredrick and Worden, 1992 ) .In earlier lands, the Hindu-Buddhist land of Sriwijaya go up in Sumatra ( an Indonesian island ) during the seventh century AD ( Lonely Planet, 2014 ) . It was the first major Indonesian sea world-beater able to command the trade in Southeast Asia by being located on the Strait of Melaka. The Buddhist Sailendra dynasty and the Hindu Mataram dynasty flourished in Central Java ( the largest Indonesian island ) between the 8th and tenth centuries ( Alone Planet, 2014 ) . While Sriwijayas wealth came from trade, Javanese lands like Mataram had human labour at their disposal and developed as agricultural societies.At the perch of the tenth century, the M ataram land declined. The Centre of power shifted from Central to East Java and it was a period when Hinduism and Buddhism were united and when Javanese civilization began to come into its ain ( Pearson Education, 2000-2014 ) . A series of lands held until the 1294 rise of the Majapahit land, which grew during the reign of Hayam Wuruk from 1350 to 1389 ( Pearson Education, 2000-2014 ) . Its territorial enlargement can be credited to military commanding officer Gajah Mada, who helped the land claim control over the archipelago, claiming power over smaller lands and obtaining trading rights from them. After Hayam Wuruks decease in 1389, the land began a steady diminution ( Pearson Education, 2000-2014 ) .The first Islamic letterings found in Indonesia day of the month from the eleventh century. Islam foremost took clasp in northern Sumatra, ( a western Indonesian island ) where Arab bargainers had settled by the thirteenth century. From the fifteenth and 16th centuries, Indonesian swa yers made Islam the province faith. By the fifteenth century, the trading land of Melaka ( a little Malaysian province ) was making the tallness of its power and had embraced Islam ( Lonely Planet, 2014 ) . Its influence strengthened the spread of Islam through the archipelago. By the clip of the prostration of the Majapahit land ( based on the island of Java ) in the early 1500s, many of its orbiter lands had already declared themselves independent Islamic provinces ( Alone Planet, 2014 ) . Much of their wealth came from trading spices, and Islam followed the trade routes across the archipelago. By the terminal of the sixteenth century, a new sea power had emerged on Sulawesi, which had been settled by Malay bargainers and whose kingdoms spread far beyond the part ( Alone Planet, 2014 ) .Get downing in 1602, the Dutch easy established themselves as swayers of Indonesia and finally laid the foundation of the Indonesian province, by taking advantage of the failing of the little lands that had replaced that of Majapahit ( Pearson Education, 2000-2014 ) . During 300 old ages of regulation, the Dutch developed the Netherlands East Indies into one of the universe s richest colonial ownerships, pull outing natural resources through local elites but making small to overhaul Indonesia. By the terminal of the Dutch regulation and after many wars and lives taken, the Indonesian people wanted to stand entirely and go united.The Indonesian people started to have a Dutch instruction for the kids of the Indonesian elite, and with that came Western political thoughts of freedom and democracy ( Alone Planet, 2014 ) . However, the first thoughts of Indonesian patriotism came from Islamic motions. in spite of Dutch repression, the nationalist motion found a incorporate voice. In a historic proclamation in 1928, the All Indonesia Youth Congress entitle its Youth Pledge, following the impressions of one national individuality, one state and one linguistic communication ( Alone Planet, 2014 ) . The conflict for independency wavered between war and diplomatic negotiations. Under the Linggarjati Agreement of November 1946, the Dutch recognized the Republican authorities and both sides agreed to work towards an Indonesian federation under a Dutch commonwealth ( Pearson Education, 2000-2014 ) . The understanding was shortly swept aside as war escalated. The Dutch mounted a big offense in July 1947, doing the United Nations to ill-use in ( Pearson Education, 2000-2014 ) . In February 1948 the Dutch launched another onslaught on the Republicans, interrupting the United Nations understanding. Under force per unit area from the United States, which threatened to retreat its postwar assistance to the Netherlands, the Dutch negotiated for independency. On December 27, 1949 the Indonesian flag was raised at Jakartas Istana Merdeka, and power was officially handed over ( Pearson Education, 2000-2014 ) ..MentionsFoley, J. ( 2005, April 01 ) .Homo floresiensis The hob bit. Retrieved from hypertext communicate protocol //www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/flores.htmlFrederick, W. , & A Worden, R. ( 1992 ) .Early Dutch east indies. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.shsu.edu/his_ncp/Indones.htmlFrederick, W. , & A Worden, R. ( 2011 ) .Indonesia a state survey. (6thed. ) . Washington, DC Government Printing Office.Glasscase, F. ( 2011, June 01 ) .Dutch east indies uncovered past Indonesia. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //indonesiauncovered.blogspot.com/2011/06/prehistoric-indonesia.htmlLonely Planet. ( 2014 ) .History of Indonesia. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/historyONeil, D. ( 1999 ) .Homo erectus. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htmPearson Education. ( 2000-2014 ) .Dutch east indies. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107634.htmlProf. Palmer, Soc.3597.01, January 2014.Smithsonian Institution. ( 2014, January 27 ) .Hobbits on flores, Indonesia. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //humanorigins.si.edu/ search/asian-research/hobbits

Group Experience

My group experience with picking Bollywood dance provided an opportunity to play a leaders role like messenger graph the dance. Bollywood dance is the dance-form used in the Indian films. It is a mixture of numerous styles. These styles include belly-dancing, kathak, Indian folk, Western popular, jazz, and even Western erotic dancing.I enjoyed myself in an artistic manner by connecting the audience through dance. I am committed to this form of dance because it originates from my native country India. I basic solelyy taught my other team mates this form of dance and now it affects their personal character in terms of eastern dancing. My personal experience close to statement this dance was fairly enjoyable. I had an opportunity of teaching bhangra to my classmates too which is a form of a regional dance in India.By doing such leadership activities, I have gained an experience in organizing a group and modeling the way. In the process of my group project, I had a vision of achievin g something extraordinary by teaching the eastern dance to westerners. There was different tactics and ideas that I implemented in this process where I was withal helped by my other teammates in order to murder it work. I admired their vision in doing something different within my dance. We talked ab pop out two minutes and everybody agreed to do the Bollywood dance.It was a take exception for me to teach Indian dance to western people because they are grown with different culture and they have different perception in dance. My ideas and techniques were definitely questioned by others but I still had a strong motivation to make it work and I took certain amount of risk in order to make my idea work. Teaching any activity requires certain amount of confidence, faster collaboration and strength. I always had a positive attitude towards this activity and I knew there would certain challenges to make this happen but the participation of my team mates gave me more confidence.My team m ates motivated themselves because they had an interest to learn about new culture. I handled their challenges and gave them the proper guidance they needed. There were people who would take initiative and put lot of move in our group project. I was also thrilled by seeing their dedication. There was a time when we I did not know what to do or we were lacking a concept we all worked together to solve the way out of it. I thrilled to see the dedication that my teammates had towards our team goal.In conclusion, I would say that our overall team effort was tremendous, we were doing a genuine hard work to achieve our goal, and we had morale booster, team effort and confidence within our group. I would also like to point out the group skill was very good and my teammates gave their best to put up a good presentation.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 17

Once he got outside, Stefan remembered that Elena had taken his car. Turning into the woods, he began to run, using his Power to speed his pace. The lbf. of his feet seemed to thud, Guard her, Guard her.He knew whither Tyler Smal wood had lived. subsequently Tyler had attacked Elena at a dance, it had made sense to keep an eye on him. Stefan burst from the woods at the edge of the Smal woods property.They owned an ugly house, in Stefans opinion. An inaccurate portrayal of an old Southern manor estate, it was too big for the lawn it sat on and bulged with unnecessary columns and crook rococo decorations. Just looking at it, Stefan had been able to tel that the Smal woods had much m matchlessy than taste, and that the architects whod designed it werent educated in true classical forms.He rang the bacillus at the front door, then froze. What if Mr. or Mrs. Smal wood answered the bel ? He would subscribe to to Influence them to give him as much information as they could most Caleb , and then to forget Stefan had been on that point. He hoped he had the Power to do it He hadnt been eating enough, not even of animal blood.But no one came. After a few seconds, Stefan sent questing t polerils of Power through the house. It was empty. He couldnt go in, couldnt search Calebs room like he wanted to. Without an invitation, he was stuck out here. He wandered around the house, peering through the windows, but finding nothing out of the ordinary other than entirely too many gilded frames and mirrors. Behind the house he found a smal white dangle. Sending Power toward it, he felt something slightly off. Just the slightest tinge of darkness, a feeling of frustration and il intent.The shed was padlocked, but the lock was easy enough to snap. And as no one lived here, he didnt need an invitation to enter.The first thing he axiom was Elenas face. Newspaper clippings and photos were tacked al over the wal s Elena, Bonnie, Meredith, himself. On the floor was a pentagram with more pictures and roses.Stefans certainty that something was wrong solidified. Elena was in danger. Sending Power before him, searching desperately for any trace of her, he took off running again.As she drove away from the florists, Elena turned the conversation with Stefan over and over in her mind. What was going on with him since theyd come lynchpin to Fel s Church? It felt like there was part of him that he was holding back, hiding from her. She remembered the loneliness, the sinking, dizzy feeling of isolation that she had perceived when she kissed him. Was it Damons loss that was changing Stefan?Damon. Just the thought of him was enough to cause an almost physical pain in her. Mercurial, difficult, beautiful Damon. Dangerous. Loving, in his own way. The thought of his name, scripted in water plants across Merediths legs, floated through her mind.She didnt know what it meant. But there was no hope. She needed to stop lying to herself about that. She had seen Damon die. Yet i t seemed impossible that somebody as complex and strong and seemingly undefeatable as Damon could be gone so quickly and so simply. But that was the way it happened, wasnt it? She should know that death didnt very much come with a grand show, that it usual y came when you were least expecting it. She had known that before al this al this stuff with vampires and werewolves and evil mysterious opponents. She had known al about the suddenness and simplicity of death for years, back when she was just normal Elena Gilbert, who didnt believe in anything supernatural, not even horoscopes or fortune-tel ing, much less monsters.She glanced at the passenger seat next to her, where there lay the bouquet of pink roses she had picked up to give to Margaret. And, next to them, a simple bunch of forget-me-nots. Like Id constantly forget, she thought. Elena remembered riding in the car toward home with her parents and baby Margaret on an ordinary Sunday afternoon. It had been a beautiful sunny fa l day, the leaves of the trees by the roadside just blood line to be painted with red and gold.Theyd gone to lunch at a little inn out in the country. Margaret, who was teething, had been cranky at the restaurant, and theyd taken turns paseo her up and down on the porch of the inn for a few minutes at a time while the others ate. But in the car she was quiet, half drowsing, her light golden lashes fluttering down to rest for longer and longer periods against her cheeks.Elenas father had been driving, she remembered, and the radio had been tuned to the local station so he could catch the news. Her baffle had twisted to look at Elena in the backseat, her sapphire blue eyes so like Elenas own. Her golden hair, touched with a little gray, was pul ed back in a French braid, elegant and practical. Smiling, she had verbalize, Do you know what I think would be nice?What? asked Elena, smiling back at her. Then she saw a strange glitter, high in the sky, and leaned forward without waitin g for a reply. Daddy, whats that? Shed pointed upward.Elena never found out what her mother had thought would be nice. Her father never answered what that was. The last things Elena remembered were sounds her fathers gasp and the screech of the cars tires. Everything after that was blank, until Elena had woken up in the hospital, Aunt Judith by her bedside, and learned that her parents were dead. They had died before the paramedics had even pried them out of the car.Before they restored Fel s Church, the Guardians had told Elena that she should catch died in that accident, and that her parents should have lived. The glitter had been their air car, and Elena had distracted her father at the worst possible moment, causing al the wrong people to die. She could feel the weight down of it now, the guilt at surviving, her anger at the Guardians. She glanced at the dashboard clock. There was stil plenty of time before she had to be at Margarets recital. Turning off the highway, she pul e d into the cemeterys parking lot.Elena parked the car and walked briskly through the newer part of the cemetery, carrying the forget-me-nots. Birds were chirping gaily overhead. So much had happened in this cemetery in the last year. Bonnie had seen one of her first visions among these tombstones. Stefan had fol owed her here, watching her secretly when she thought he was just the gorgeous new guy at school. Damon had nearly drained an old tramp down the stairs the bridge. Katherine had chased Elena out of the cemetery with fog and ice and a far-reaching, far-seeing evil. And, of course, Elena had driven off a bridge to her death here by the cemetery, at the end of that first life, the one that seemed so long ago now.Elena picked her way past an ornate marble memorial to Fel s Churchs Civil War veterans and down to the queer glen where her parents were buried. The tiny wildflower bouquet she and Stefan had left two days before had withered, and Elena threw it away and put the forg et-menots in its place. She picked a bit of moss off her fathers name.The lightest crunch of reproof sounded from the path behind her, and Elena whirled around. There was no one there.Im just jumpy, she muttered to herself. Her voice sounded oddly loud in the quiet of the cemetery. Nothing to worry about, she said more firmly.She settled in the defecate by her parents graves and traced the letters on her mothers headstone with one hand.Hi, she said. Its been a while since Ive actual y sat here and talked to you, I know. Im sorry. An awful lot has happened She swal owed. Im sorry, too, because I found out that you werent supposed to die when you did. I asked the Guardians to to bring you back, but they said you had moved on to a better place and they couldnt reverse that. I wish Im glad youre happy wherever you are, but I stil miss you.Elena sighed, lowered her hand from the gravestone, and trailed it through the grass by her knees. Somethings after me again, she continued unhappil y. After al of us, I guess, but Bonnie said I brought it here when she was in a trance. And later she said he wants me. I dont know if its two different people or whatever after us, or just one. But its always me the bad things decoct on. She twisted a blade of grass between her fingers. I wish things could be simpler for me, the way they are for other girls.Sometimes Im so glad to have Stefan, and glad I could help protect Fel s Church, but its hard. Its real y hard. A sob was building in her throat and she swal owed it back. And Stefans always been there for me, but I feel like I dont know al of him anymore, especial y because I cant read his thoughts. Hes so tense, and its like he require to be in control al the timeSomething shifted behind her, just the slightest hint of movement. She felt a warm, damp breeze like a confidential information on the back of her neck.Elena whipped her head around. Caleb was crouching behind her, so close they were almost nose-to-nose. She scre amed, but Caleb slapped his hand over her mouth, muffling her cry.

Language Development Within Infants and Young Children Essay

Language is a systematic means of communicating through with(predicate) the employ of sounds or conventional symbols. Without phrase there would be no way of communicating with others. To allow us to be able to use recognizable sounds and symbols to express ourselves, they first have to be taught before humans can utilize them and are continually built upon through ongoing lecture development.Currently, language development includes a sizeable center of theory, research, and debate from a variety of fields which include linguistics, psychology, philosophy, sociology, medicine, computers, biology, neurology, speech and language pathology, and education to name but a few. More recently, due to a sudden occurrence of activity in the aforementioned disciplines, there has been a huge leap as far as what is known about language and as a result of the interdisciplinary sharing of breeding between these groups the quantity of language development theories has increased tenfold. bear w itness to a greater extent Es express explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors.Theorists and researchers have lined up to all support the more traditional theories or to develop more diverse and unique descriptions of language which whitethorn provide insightful clues into answering some of the live questions. The morsel of language development theories is extensive in number and range from Chomskys nativist theories (universal grammar, principles and parameters, minimalism, etc. , connectionism, optimality theory, Vygotskys social interactionism, Piagets cognitive constructivism, information processing theory, neural network models, interactionist approaches such(prenominal) as Bruners LASS and Bates and MacWhinneys functionalism, and models that stress pragmatics, such as speech acts theory and Grices informal maxims.There are then the more philosophical models such as structuralism, semiotics, logical positivism, Freges d irect reference theory, or Wittgensteins picture heory, decrease models (such as case grammar, pivot grammar, and the semantic similaritys approach). There are also numerous, more recent theories being promoted and debated in specific circles which include Ullmans dual systems model, Fodors language of thought, Tomasellos usage based grammar, Jackendoffs conceptual semantics, and Sperber and Wilsons relevance theory. All these go to rent up a fraction of the theorists database available to the average language student.When thinking in a dogma context it is clear that owing to the copious amount of theories available how, when attempting to use current research and theory in functional practice, any language or class teacher could easily become mazed by the intensity and some sentences complexities contained in spite of appearance the above in addition to the obvious drawback of there being just too vast a number from which to make a decision. Moreover, how one then manages to deliver a single, clearly defined system or theory within their classroom is a chore that is far beyond the reach of any typical primary school teacher.However, through personal experiences in addition to past and current teaching trends it is possible to see how language development techniques have progressed from the earliest theories to the most popular and productive techniques in use today. The earliest theory concerning language development expect that children acquired language through imitation alone as stated by Edward Thorndike (1911) in his connectionism theory which was the original stimulus-response-consequence psychology of collecting which has influenced so psychologists today.It is also evidently visible within any nursery or early years setting where by children as young as six months begin to interpreter with intonation in addition to responding to their name, other human voices without visual cues by turning their head and piths and responding appropriately to friendly and angry tones, this has also been illustrious through personal parental experiences as well as teaching.However, whilst research has shown that children who imitate the actions of those around them during their first year of life are, generally speaking, those who also learn to talk more quickly there is also evidence that imitation alone cannot explain how children become talkers. An example from the English language is the simple contemplation of We goed to the Shops it is evident here that the child is very cleverly inventing the past tense of go based on the rules they have absorbed from their surrounding teachers.B. F Skinner, the behavioristic theorist fence ind that adults shape the speech of children by reinforcing the babbling of infants that sound most like words. (Skinner 1957). In other words, when a parent, carer or teacher shows enthusiasm for something a child tries to say, this should encourage the child to repeat the utterance. In spite of this, even though reinforcement may help, this theory cannot account for childrens inventions of language.Some argue that it is not just hearing language around them that is important it is the kind of language and whether it is used responsively through following a despoils input, such as making a noise or gesture. Also, it is clear that babies need to hear language to develop these responses. This point is of great brilliance in relation to young children with impoverished language experience as it can be a contributing factor as to why so many receipt year children are entering the schooling system with an inadequate grasp of the English language.Through personal experience it is evident that young children become amazingly proficient communicators during the first three years of life through the use of noises which only their parents can comprehend. This evolves into simple sign language which again only baby and parent understands whilst all the time parents, siblings, grandparen ts, carers and any other significant person within an infants scope is constantly reinforcing these movements with their verbal equivalents.Once more this is stated within official documentation within schools in the Birth to Three Matters framework which points out, that babies and infants alike use the hundred languages of children body language (including facial expressions and dance) sign language (their own and family inventions as well as an officially recognised sign language) painting, drawing and mark-making and oral expression. They have been acutely active listeners since their days in the womb, where they larn to recognise the speech patterns, tunes and tones of the languages used in their home contexts.Again, language development research informs us that young childrens language is influenced by many factors, including having susceptible adults and older children around them who will listen and attend to their expressions and who will use and model appropriate langua ge themselves. This has been called Motherese by researchers and theories led by Cathy Snow.The bringing close together of Motherese (Snow and Ferguson 1977 Trevarthen 1995) the accentuated, tuneful speech from mothers o their babies has been used to explain how aspects of a childs environment can help or hinder them from talk however it does not explain the underlying causes of language acquisition. Nevertheless, Motherese does play an important part in the development of conversation with infants and young children as it attracts and holds the maintenance of babies as well as allowing them to participate in enjoyable turn taking exchanges the beginnings of conversation.Nativist theorists such as Chomsky (1965 1975) argue that humans are natural with an inbuilt Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and are biologically programmed to gain knowledge he goes onto to state that language then simply emerges as a child matures. He goes onto maintain that the LAD contains knowledge of gr ammatical rules common to all languages (Shaffer et al, 2002). He also purposes the LAD allows children to understand the rules of any language which is aboriginal to their existence.He also developed the concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure and qabalistic structure (Matlin, 2005) transformation grammar is grammar which transforms a sentence surface structure refers to written words and deep structure is the underlying message or importation of a particular sentence. Slobin (Ferguson and Slobin 1973 Slobin 1985) continued this premise, suggesting that just as newborns come into the world programmed to look at interesting, especially moving, objects, so babies are pre-programmed to pay attention to language.Nevertheless, this theory has its inadequacies in that children seem to have great proficiency in acquiring whichever language surrounds them and end-to-end their first year of life they will gradually discard from their repertoire of vocalisations sounds which they do not hear in the speech of those with whom they spend their lives but of vogue the pre-programming does not need to be thought of as tied to a specific language.Like Trevarthen and others, Chomsky indicated the centrality of interactions with familiar adults and older children from the earliest days of life. Parents and practitioners needed time to enjoy protoconversations, supporting research has shown that treating babies as if they understand talk and involving them in conversational exchanges are essential experiences on which later abilities are founded. This in-built ability is presently being built upon within the National Curriculum through the introduction of French into earlier key Stages (KS) such as KS1 and KS2.It has been shown that the nativist theory, to some extent, holds certain in that children are more capable of acquiring multiple languages in their earlier years compared to when they being to mature. This is not to say that once children reach a particular age however, that humans can no longer learn a language which is non-native, quite the contrary. In contrast, theorists such as Piaget, Nelson and Sinclair focus more on the behaviour surrounding children and the effects of it.When compared to Chomsky, Slobin and Trevarthen Piaget argued that language was an example of symbolic behaviour and therefore no different to other learning. A colleague of Piaget Hermine Sinclair (1971) went onto propose that a childs ability to nest a set of Russian dolls uses the same cognitive processes involved in the understanding of how sentences come to be embedded within one another. Using this cognitive processing explanation, Nelson (1985) produced theories based on the thinking that language is an extension of the childs existing meaning making capacity.This seems to fit with the notion that children will generally begin to engage in pretend play at about the same time as their first words are expressed, indicating that they are using symbols in the form of words and also symbolic pretend objects for example using a occlusive as a pretend cake. This type of learning is clearly evident within the primary classroom especially within literacy and in particular command when children use pictures within their books to decipher difficult words which are maybe too problematical to make out through phonetical sounding.In addition to this strong alteration from the biologically-based understanding of human behaviour to the social/cultural explanation of human activity is Vygotskys social learning tradition which stressed the importance of opportunities for babies and children to interact with, and observe interactions between, others. This idea is supported by research showing that mothers who behave as if their babies and young children understand language right from the start, make eye contact with them and engage in dialogue, responding to their babies reactions (kicking, waving arms, smiling, etc) are laying the f oundations of conversation.This progresses as children grow to verbal praises, however, it is again evident within the classroom the children who receive irresponsible physical reinforcement for their achievements through embraces, reward charts and even basic reactions such as looking at a piece of work which the child is rarified of, questioning them on their days activities and so. Through this continual interaction, parents retain a constant, ever-progressing dialogue with their child whilst all the time that child is developing their language skills.In spite of this, having such a wide selection of options often obscures the availability of the best option. As well as this, there are so many theories in existence which offer explanations of hidden processes, that they tend to be so general that teaching hypothesiss cannot apply across categories of language or from individual to individual. Connectionist ideas may inspire treatment relevant to semantics, such as graphs and w ebs.An instructor could teach implications and sarcasm as implied in pragmatic theories. Or one may use underpinnings from theory of mind explanations to inspire joint attention and reciprocal turn taking. While these explanations apply to specific parts of language, others do not apply to instruction at all. How for example, could one teach optimality theory to a preschooler? And beyond futuristic gene manipulation, improving universal grammar is impossible.The time and resource limitations involved in using evidence based practice in language therapy have been eloquently discussed in Brackenberry, Burroughs, and Hewitt (2008). Compounding difficulties greatly is the predominance of some theories (nativist) that work from the assumption that because grammar is analogous to an organ that grows, it therefore cannot be taught (Chomsky, 1980). That no one language acquisition theory has been settled upon indicates that no one method of language teaching can currently be deemed the best .Despite this and when considering language development within the classroom it is important to consider as many ideas as possible as researchers and educational theorists alike have still not decided on an unambiguous form of language development that encompasses how humans develop language. Nevertheless, that is not to say that we, as teachers should therefore ignore what is in front of our eyes, but rather embrace what we have and attempt to create a learning environment which stimulates and captivates the children we teach.

Global Importance of English

Language plays and all important(predicate) parting in human life. Out of completely the phrases in the world, English is go steadyed as the international wrangle. There atomic number 18 both(prenominal) reasons why English is so important and many plurality attempt to learn it. Id like to character the reasons in my point of view. Sri Lanka is a developing country and everyone has to learn English because today everything seems to be English. When we consider about education in Sri Lanka, children are forced to learn English starting at preschool in order to make their English better.English is added as a compulsory subject in O Level examination and in A Level examination in SL. Sri Lankan universities are conducting almost all the studies through English medium. After completing a university degree its time to take up a professional course and of course those professional courses are in English medium. So I retrieve you have to have a very good knowledge of English to b e educated and to sheen in the society. The next fact Im sharing with you is finding a course in this competitive society.every boss is looking for qualified, talented, smart and confident employees. For example if you apply for a high class job and when you go for the interview, do you know what kind of employees are going to be hired up? patently as I mentioned above qualified, talented, smart and confident employees with fluent English. Why English is so important to find a job? because we already know that people deal with others in English speech communication especially in the business world, scientific world and other.So what my point here is that you cant get a pretty good job or a promotion without knowing proper English. How do we fade with others people in foreign countries who do not speak our mother tongue? The answer is victimisation English because everyone knows at least a little English. English helps to raise up tourism because its lucky to communicate with the foreigners. Just think about how hard would it be to keep tourism in distributively country if tourist guides and the tourist didnt know at least a little English.English language makes the things go easier thats what I think. Books A massive quantity of books are written in English language so you moldiness know the English language to gain some knowledge, to learn something new or to read more. Even Sinhalese books are translated to English language so that foreigners can read and enthrall and on the other hand foreign books which are not written in English are translated to English language so that anyone who knows English well can read those books too.The final reason is internet. every(prenominal) most all the information sharing on the internet is in english so you must know better english to understand what is it all about and also to communicate other people via internet. In conclusion, I must tell this, if you want to go ahead in your life and in your stream you shou ld learn English so that it would be easier to reach your achievements. That is how English plays a major role in our life.

Mass Communications

In the past 10 years, mass dialogues underwent perhaps one of the most unsounded revolutions in their history, matched perhaps by the arrival of the telegraph and the telephone. Technology changes affect who we reach and in what ways. They overly affect our entertainment and the way we spend free time.The most notable change has certainly been the Internet. Its goodly online spaces have made tons of information easily available to masses of people who previously would dumbfound difficult and costly to obtain information of similar quality from otherwise sources. In this way, the Internet democratized communication between people, making piece of music cheaper by e-mail and making voice connections more accessible through Internet telephony and programs like Skype. I regularly use Skype and e-mail to reach my relatives in other countries, and this makes our communication much easier.The use of online communication has also provided people with immense opportunities to address large audiences without considerable expense of starting ones own media project. To make a site that will try content and the authors news to large groupings of people is very easy and inexpensive. This helps overcome the enigma of freedom of speech that many saw in the world where media were owned and governed by rich tycoons. The critics of such freedom noted that it did not provide for freedom of expression of those who are not commercial take on producers or media barons (Iyer, 2004). Today, one can air political or social views without investing a pass out of money.Blogs are yet another way to make ones views known to a group of people and make an online community, getting new friends. In 2005, Business Week reported that there are some 9 million blogs out there, with 40,000 new ones popping up each day (Baker, Green, 2005).I tried once to start a diary at LiveJournal.com, but soon got tired of writing there and could not find many people to read my writing. I believe my self to be a slow adopter, although when technical improvements in communication get popular, I do begin to use them. ReferencesBaker, S., & Green, H. (2005, May). Blogs leave alone Change Your Business. Business Week. Retrieved August 29, 2006College of Communication, the University of Texas at Austin. Thoughts about the Future of Advertising. A White Paper by the Faculty, Department of Advertising. Retrieved August 29, 2006, from http//www.ciadvertising.org/studies/reports/future/whitepap.htmlIyer, V. R. (2004, July). Culture Cops and the mass media. Retrieved August 29, 2006, from http//www.indiatogether.org/2004/jul/med-copmedia.htm

Public vs. Private Policing

overt versus hush-hush Policing CJA 500 April 19, 2010 Chris Bragg ordinary versus Private Policing In recent years, both(prenominal) the numbers of guard officers in the United States has been declining. However, the rates for many white-collar annoyances, such as computer aversions, employee theft, and fraud, atomic number 18 increasing. Public policing has been know to have a monopoly on policing until the improverd trend in unavowed policing in the United States.Public and private policing have many similarities as well as differences and the distinction between man and private police force are often blurred. Public Policing Public policing has always been known as the frontline in encourage the society and angiotensin-converting enzyme of their major assets is the commons accountability. Recent studies have shown that to approximately people, a furnish police can transmit a liveing of respect and security, and through that, he may veritable(a) be nixing crime just by their presence.The role of domain policing is governing both the future and the by preventing crime and rendering justice with respect to past crimes. Its favored strategy is deterrence on punishment because punishment promises both to prevent crime and to exact a cost for misdeeds already done. Public policing essential provide a full range of police services to the humans. Public police are especially experienced, trained, and skilled in the exercise of persuasive authority to command compliance with their safety orders and needs.They are too trained and effective in the use of tactics such as undercover policing, arrest, use of blazon to shelter themselves and the general as-needed, and investigation related to preparing cases for referral to the prosecutor. On the other hand, public police must be taught how to do community policing, a type of policing that requires an entirely different approach and language. It requires a different trend of speaking and a dif ferent choice of words from traditional policing. It requires a different mindset and position toward the public, and a different kind of leadership from the top down.Community policing requires officers to stay put in one neighborhood and build long-term relationships with shoppers, residents, businesses, and employees. It requires officers to be much more proactive and friendly than normal, receptive to suggestions, and will to use a participatory process to set at least some policing goals and priorities. It requires language non command-oriented and language that does non tend to escalate emotions or raise hackles of those being questioned and not in trouble, or those causing disturbances.It rarely requires arrest as the first resort. It normally requires conversation, dialog, and mediation that move both parties toward the center, and toward a mutually satisfactory reduction of tempers and threats. Public policing is known to society as the police who protect our communitie s and arrest those individuals who commit crime. Public policing has the role to maintain law and order, preserve peace, and prevent crime. Public police are employed by governments and paid for by tax dollars and grants. Private PolicingPrivate policing, while rising as a new industry, is not a new phenomenon and predates the existence of public policing as witnessed today. Private police look and behave as if public police and describing their function often involves a equivalence of the activities and responsibilities of the two. The accession of private policing has been in response to many changes in society such as the increase of mass private property in the form of bragging(a) shopping complexes, cinemas, large retail stores, and large compound style housing estates or gated communities.These require constant drawion for the safety of shoppers and residents. In fact, fair to middling security has become one of those value-added extras that attract customers and residen ts. Technological advances, such as high-tech video surveillance cameras, computers, mobile phones, and satellites have increased the need an increase of security personnel for monitoring, investigating, and analyzing. Private policing has been described in many aspects such as policing activity of crime prevention detection and apprehension carried out by private organizations or agents for commercial purpose.Private policing includes those people who work for a security company or are employed by an individual or firm to carry out security work, assembly suppress, or private investigations. Private policing is provided by a private individual or organization, rather than by a public body or the state standardised public policing is. Private policing targets private crime and is in the business of protecting private and corporate interests. Private policing can serve as many different roles in our community.The major components of private security are alarm systems, security gua rds, and investigative services. The increase of security systems installed in cars, homes and businesses have said to be the deep-rooted needs to find oneself secure and to feel that their lives and property that are personally valued are protected, and that offenders can be identified and to a fault obtained. protective covering has been considered to be a commodity, to be bought, and sold in the marketplace. The value of such a commodity reflects not only material criteria but also an inner human dimension of personal fear and feelings. some individuals who are in the public eye also hire private security as bodyguards to protect themselves, along with their valuables. security system guards are on the frontline of public interaction and contact in private security. credential guards are used in shopping malls, factories, airports and many other venues that need to be monitored. Crowd control has been part of the private policing roles at functions such as concerts, sporting events, school, and religious events. Private investigators are also among the private policing sector is one with the least amount of public contact.Private investigators are hired by individuals or businesses for a certain purpose and work mostly behind the scenes or undercover doing surveillance. Security guards, surveillance, monitors and investigators are among the few that make up private policing. Comparing Private and Public Policing Private police are seen to be concerned with the protection of personal and corporate interest whereas public police pose the interests of the public and seek to enforce the regulations of the judicial system.Private policing, in comparison to public policing, has been described as passive policing regarding active policing, or as proactive and preventative rather than reactive in which public police generally react to the crime, private police through surveillance and presentation are seen to prevent crime. The ability of private security prov iders to select the tasks and duties that they perform is one of the major advantages that private policing has over public policing.Private security regulates entry, limits participation, and excludes on the basis of presumption signs of bad behavior. Some examples would be securing gated communities by checking for mansion house or employment dress (T-shirts, bare feet) in businesses that require appropriate attire and behavior (obscene language, audible radios, roller blades, skateboards). This is also referred to as profiling, which the public police have accused of many times. Unlike the public police, private police are not hampered by their regulatory actions by probable cause.Private policing usually operates behind the traditional and legal boundaries in which the public police cannot lawfully cross unless(prenominal) by invitation or probable cause. This leads to the private policing sector developing a broader enterprise than public policing, with a wider range of funct ions. another(prenominal) major benefit with the private providers of security is their flexibility. They can, and will, perform most tasks they are paid to do. Their customers can want a lot from them, because they are directly answerable to paying clients and their needs.The private entrepreneurs are also force to do right by the market. If they fail, they will lose their money. Public police do not have the negotiation factor and are paid on salary, no matter how they perform or how efficient they are in performing their duties. Many have said that private policing is for the rich and public policing is for the poor. This could be in effect argued based on the fact that private policing is not designed to consider the general good for society, like public policing.Private policing is primarily protecting the interests of their paying clients and focuses more on loss prevention, rather than crime prevention. Private policing has been scrutinized and concern have expressed that private security can be overly intrusive, less than scrupulous in its adherence to self-imposed guidelines, and on occasion, the law, and threatening to civil liberties. This could be a direct effect of poor standards, low pay, poor training, lack of good background checks, and also strong emulation among private security companies.Many criminologists have examined these factors affecting private policing and believe that the key to the problem lies in the issue of the accountability and regulation of the private security sector. Legitimacy is a problem among private policing because at that place are few, if any, statutes or laws that give the private security industry governmentally granted rights or powers. Although public policing does have higher standards, they are not regulated and accreditation is voluntary. Many police officers, both working and retired, retain jobs in the private security sector for extra income.Obviously, poor training and lack of experience cannot d octor to these individuals however it has been argued that by hiring these experienced individuals at a higher pay, decreases the pay and funds for training to those without experience. closedown Public and private policing are major components in the criminal justice field. It would be impossible for our communities to feel secure without the combination of both forces. The focus has been on public and private policing to interact effectively and collaborate with each other. Understanding the importance of one anothers responsibilities and roles could lead to a great partnership.Throughout recent years, some law enforcement agencies have come to realize how to benefit from private policing. References T. Jones. (1998). Private Security and Public Policing. Retrieved April 19, 2010 from www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o=30434190 Shearing and Stenning. (1983). The Interweaving of Public and Private Police. Retrieved on April 19, 2010 from web. mit. edu/gtmarx/www/private. html (May 12 , 2009). Private security and public policing. Retrieved on April 19, 2010 from www. statcan. gc. ca 85-002-X_ _Juristat

Oopp Lab Work

become a conformation account that maintains AC_no, name, and balance. Perform deposit, withdrawal and statement print operations. (statement print must print all the transactions that has taken place so for use structures inside the secern to maintain the details about pee-pee a class that holds the details of the mobile pperfect like brand, mime, no of Simi cards, hone numbers etc. . Allow user to login with their mobile no. expend a work out that takes a message from that mobile. Maintain the details of the message as a static member inside the send message function and demo each time all the messages sent from that mobile, (b) 4. Create a class ID_card that maintains the details In an ID card. Perform insert, update, delete and display operation through functions that takes input through name and address parameter. (c) Create a C++ program that takes employee details like ID, first name, last name, age and address.Create a class for learner name, course, regular/part -time, address. Use mate function to check that a student with homogeneous name and address cant be a regular student as well as an employee. (c) 6. Synthesize a C++ program that has two classes (one for employee and one for student), have a separate class for address (with door no. Street name, city, state) and reuse address both for employee and student. Perform insert, delete and display operations by taking choice of person (employee or student) from the user. Allow user to have more(prenominal) than one address also.Create an class that stores details about the computer (Assembled/branded, RAM, HAD, processor speed, price etc. ,). Use constructors to initialize the object and a destructor that deducts the count of object each time the object is passed to destroy function. overly use copy constructor to create a system with the configuration same as thats of an alert system. (b) 8. Create a savings_account class that maintains the details of customers like name, phone numbe r. Cancan. Balance. Ensure that the variables are protected with decorous specifies such that only the users personal details can be modified directly.Perform deposit, withdrawal, statement print, and pin transplant operations by checking for minimum balance and other conditions. Create a new account for the same user by copying the basic details of the user using a copy constructor. (c) 9. Create a class which maintains information like surname, password, age, mailed, phone number, accepted friends list, etc Declare a friend function Inside the class. Create 3 users such that the first user is friend with 2 and 3 (update friend list of user 1 with user names of 2 and 3). If the users logs in, he should see the personal knowledge